Psych/Soc Flashcards
(408 cards)
1
Q
What are the 6 NT’s only in the CNS?
A
Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA, glycine, glutamate endorphins
2
Q
What are the 2 NT’s only in the PNS?
A
Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
3
Q
What NT is in both the CNS and PNS?
A
Acetylcholine
4
Q
Dopamine
A
reward, smooth movements and steady posture
5
Q
Serotonin
A
mood, eat, sleep, dream
6
Q
GABA
A
brain “stabilizer”
7
Q
Endorphins
A
painkillers
8
Q
Epinephrine
A
flight or fight
9
Q
Norepinephrine
A
awake/alert
10
Q
Acetylcholine (PNS and CNS)
A
PNS - voluntary muscle control, CNS - attention and arousal
11
Q
How does hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary?
A
hypophyseal portal system
12
Q
Posterior pituitary hormones
A
ADH and oxytocin
13
Q
Anterior pituitary hormones
A
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH
14
Q
Adrenal medulla
A
secretes epi and norepi, above kidneys
15
Q
Adrenal cortex
A
secrete cortisol and sex hormones, above kidneys
16
Q
Nature vs Nurture
A
Innate vs Learned behavior
17
Q
Self schema
A
Self given label with a set of qualities
18
Q
Androgyny
A
Very masculine and very feminine
19
Q
Undifferentiated
A
Low masculinity low femininity
20
Q
Hierarchy of salience
A
Let the situation dictate the most important identity to us
21
Q
Self discrepancy theory
A
3 selves(actual, ideal, ought)
22
Q
Actual self
A
Way we see ourselves
23
Q
Ideal self
A
Person we want to be
24
Q
Ought self
A
Our representation of the way others think we should be
25
Self efficacy
Our belief in our ability to succeed
26
Locus of control
Way we characterize the influence in our lives (internal vs. external)
27
What is Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual development theory?
Libidinal energy creates internal tension, which we aim to reduce through certain behaviors
28
What are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual development?
Oral, anal, phallic (mom envy or penis envy), latency(sublimated), genital (normal heterosexual relationships)
29
What are the 8 stages or Erickson’s psychosocial development?
Trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs role confusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs stagnation, ego integrity vs despair
30
What are the 3 phases of kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
Preconventional, conventional, postconventional
31
Preconventional morality age and stages
Preadolescent, obedience (avoid punishment) and self interest (gain rewards)
32
Conventional morality age and stages
Adolescent to adulthood, conformity(approval of others) and law and order (social order in high regard)
33
Postconventional morality age and stages
Adulthood, social contract (greater good) and universal human ethics(abstract principles)
34
Id
Pleasure principle, basic primal urges, obtain satisfaction now
35
Ego
Reality principle, postpone pleasure until it can actually be obtained
36
Superego
Personality’s perfectionist, conscience punishes and ego ideal rewards
37
What are the 8 defense mechanisms?
Repression, suppression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation
38
Repression
Unconsciously removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
39
Suppression
Conscious,y removing an idea or feeling from consciousness
40
Regression
Returning to an earlier stage in development
41
Reaction formation
An unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite
42
Projection
Attribution of wishes, desires,thoughts, or emotions to someone else
43
Rationalization
Justification of attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors
44
Displacement
Changing the target of an emotion, while the feelings remain the same
45
Sublimation
Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable dire+toon
46
What are the 4 jungian archetypes?
Persona (our mask), anima (mans inner woman), animus (woman’s inner man), shadow (unpleasant thoughts)
47
What are the big five traits of personality?
OCEAN: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
48
Cardinal traits
Traits around which a person organizes their life
49
Central traits
Major characteristics in your life that are easy to infer
50
Secondary traits
Limited in occurrence, appear in certain situations
51
Self concept
Sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves in past, present and future
52
Identities
Individual components of our self concept related to the groups to which we belong
53
Self esteem
Our evaluation of ourselves
54
Zone of proximal development
Skills that a child has not yet master d and require a more knowledgeable other to accomplish
55
Humanistic perspective
Internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self realization
56
PEN
Psychoticism(nonconformity), neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations), extraversion(tolerance for social interaction and stimulation)
57
Social cognitive perspective
Individuals interact with their environment in a cycle of reciprocal determinism
58
Behaviorist perspective
Operant conditioning, personality based in prior rewards and punishments
59
Biological theorist
Behavior a result of genetics
60
Punishments
decrease the probability of behavior (operant conditioning(
61
Reinforcements
increase the probability of behavior (operant conditioning)
62
negative reinforcement
negative stimulus removed to increase behavior
63
Positive reinforcement
positive stimulus added to increase behavior
64
Conditioned stimulus
not initially associated with a response, but later it is (classical conditioning)
65
Unconditioned stimulus
naturally triggers a response (don't need to be trained) (classical conditioning)
66
superior colliculus
eye movements and gaze
67
lateral geniculate nucleus
visual processing in spatial and temporal processing
68
primary visual cortex
major site of visual processing and for COLOR
69
Self-determination theory
a need-based motivational theory that places an
emphasis on competence (wanting to be good at something), autonomy (wanting to feel in
control), and relatedness (wanting to feel connected to others)
70
3 subdivisions of the brain
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
71
hindbrain
cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation, (balance, motor coordination, breath, digest, sleep/wake, vital functioning)
72
midbrain
inferior and superior colliculi (receives sensory and motor info, reflexes to auditory and visual stimuli)
73
forebrain
thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, cerebral cortex (complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes, emotion and memory
74
thalamus
relay station for sensory info
75
hypothalamus
homestasis, connects to anterior pituitary
76
basal ganglia
smoothen movements, maintain posture
77
limbic system contains?
septal nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, controls emotion and memory
78
septal nuclei
feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking, addition
79
amygdala
fear and aggression
80
hippocampus
consolidates memories and communicates with limbic system via fornix
81
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
82
frontal lobe
executive function, impulse control, long term planning, motor function, speech production
83
parietal lobe
sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, pain, spatial processing, orientation, manipulation
84
occipital lobe
visual processing
85
temporal lobe
sound processing, speech perception, memory and emotion
86
Which hemisphere is dominant in most people?
Left
87
glutamate
excitatory NT
88
glycine
brain stabilizer
89
family studies
look at relative frequency of a trait within a family compared to the general population
90
twin studies
compare concordance rates b/w monozygotic and dizygotic twins
91
adoption studies
compare similarities b/w adopted kids and their adopted parents vs biological parents
92
neurulation
notochord stimulates ectoderm to fold over and create neural tube topped with neural crest cells
93
neural tube
becomes CNS
94
neural crest cells
spread thru body and differentiate into many tissues
95
primitive reflexes
exist in infants and disappear with age,
96
rooting reflex
infant turns head toward anything that brushes their cheek
97
Moro reflex
infant extends arms then slowly retracts them, cries in response to falling sensation
98
Babinski reflex
big toe extended and other toes fan in response to brushing sole of foot
99
grasping reflex
infant grabs anything in their hand
100
Franz Gall
phrenology; development of a trait associated with growth of its relevant part in the brain
101
Pierre Flourens
extirpation/ablation; different brain regions have diff functions
102
William James
study adaptions of person to their environment
103
John Dewey
functionalism, look at whole organism
104
Paul Broca
speech area
105
Hermann von Helmoltz
measured speed of a nerve impulse
106
Sir Charles Sherrington
inferred existence of synapses
107
sensory receptors
nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals
108
sensory ganglia
collections of cell bodies outside the CNS
109
threshold
minimum stimulus to cause change in signal transduction
110
absolute threshold
minimum stimulus energy to activate a sensory system
111
threshold of conscious perception
minimum of stimulus energy that is large and long enough to notice
112
jnd
just noticeable difference, minimum difference in magnitude b/w 2 stimuli before one can perceive this difference
113
weber's law
jnd for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, proportion is constant
114
signal detection theory
effects of nonsensory factors (experiences, motives, expectations)
115
adaptation
decrease in response to a stimulus over time
116
eye
detect light in the form of photons
117
cornea
gather and focuses incoming light
118
iris
open and close pupil
119
lens
refracts incoming light, focus it on the retina
120
ciliary body
produces aqueous humor, drains through the canal of schlemm
121
retina
detects images, rods and cones (rods-light and dark, cones-colors)
122
what is the bulk of the eye supported by?
vitreous, sclera, choroid
123
what is the visual pathway?
cornea-pupil-lens-vitreous-retina (rods/cones-bipolar cells-ganglion cells)-optic nerves-optic chiasm-optic tracts-lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus-visual radiations thru parietal and temporal lobes-visual cortex
124
where is the visual cortex?
occipital lobe
125
parallel processing
ability to simultaneously analyze and combine info on color, shape, and motion
126
parvocellular cells
detect shape
127
magnocellular cells
detect motion
128
Structures of outer ear
pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
129
Structures of middle ear
ossicles: malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup), oval window of cochlea, connected to nasal cavity by eustachian tube
130
Structures of inner ear
bony labyrinth (inside in membranous labyrinth), cochlea (detect sound), utricle and saccule (detect linear acceleration), semicircular canals (detect rotational acceleration)
131
what is the auditory pathway?
pinna-external auditory canal-tympanic membrane-malleus-incus-stapes-ovalwindow-perilymph in cochlea-basilar membrane-hair cells-vestibulocochlear nerve-brainstem-medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus-auditory cortex in temporal lobe
132
inferior colliculi
startle reflex, keep eyes fixed on a point when head is turned
133
olfactory chemoreceptors
detect smell
134
olfactory pathway
nostril-nasal cavity-olfactory nerves-olf bulb and olf tract-limbic system
135
5 modalities of taste
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami (savory)
136
4 modalities of somatosensation
pressure, vibration, pain, temperature
137
2-point threshold
minimum distance necessary b/w 2 points of stimulation on the skin so you feel 2 points
138
physiological zero
normal temperature of skin to which objects feel warm or cold
139
nociceptors
pain perception
140
proprioception
tell where one's body is in 3D space
141
bottom-up processing
data driven, recognize objects by parallel processing and feature detection (slower, more accurate)
142
top-down processing
conceptually driven, recognize objects by memories and expectations, less attention to detail (fasther, less accurate)
143
Perceptual organization (integration of 4 concepts)
depth, form, motion, constancy
144
6 Gestalt principles
brain can infer missing parts of an incomplete picture, law of proximity (elements close together), law of similarity (appear similar), law of good continuation (follow same pathway), subjective contours (perceive nonexistent edges), law of closure (space closed by lines), law of pragnanz (perceptual organization will be simple and symmetric)
145
Habituation
become used to a stimulus
146
dishabituation
occur when a second stimulus intervenes, cause resnsitization to the original stimulus
147
encoding
put new info into memory (automatic or effortful)
148
semantic encoding vs auditory/visual
meaningful context stronger than auditory/visual
149
short-term memory
transient, based on NT activity
150
Working memory
requires short-term memory, attention and executive function to manipulate info
151
Long-term memory
elaborative rehearsal, result of increased neuronal connectivity (explicit memory:declarative, facts and stories. implicit memory: nondeclarative, store skills and conditioning effects)
152
semantic networks
store facts
153
long-term potentiation
responsible for the conversion of short-term to long term memory, strengthens neuronal connections resulting from increased NT release and adding of receptor sites
154
neuroplasticity
ability of brain to form new connections rapidly, most plastic in young children
155
information processing model
brain encodes, stores, retrieves info like a computer
156
4 stages of piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
157
sensorimotor stage
manipulate the environment to meet physical needs (circular or repeated reactions), ends with object permanence
158
preoperational stage
symbolic thinking, egocentrism (can't imagine what other people think/feel), centration (focus on 1 aspect of a phenom)
159
concrete operational
focus on understanding feelings of others and manipulating physical (concrete) objects
160
formal operational
focus on abstract thought and problem solving
161
problem solving
identifying and understanding problems, generate solutions, test solutions and evaluate results
162
mental set
pattern of approach for a given problem (neg mental set can neg impact problem solving)
163
functional fixedness
tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, can create barriers to problem solving
164
4 types of problem solving
trial and error, algorithms, deductive (top/down reasoning, derive conclusions from general rules), inductive reasoning (bottom/up reasoning, derive generalizations from evidence)
165
Heuristics
shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions
166
biases
decision maker unable to objectively evaluate info
167
intuition
"gut feeling"
168
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (7 areas)
linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal
169
4 states of consciousness
alertness, sleep, dreaming, and altered states of consciousness
170
Alertness
being awake and thinking, perceiving, expressing info
171
What type of waves on an EEG show alertness
alpha and beta
172
what is most important for health of the brain and body
sleep
173
Stage 1 of sleep
light sleep, theta waves
174
Stage 2 of sleep
slightly deeper sleep, theta waves, sleep spindles, and K complexes
175
Stage 3-4 of sleep
slow-wave sleep (SWS), delta waves, NREM, dreaming in SWS focuses on consolidating declarative memories
176
REM sleep
paradoxical sleep (mind appears close to awake on EEG, but person is asleep), eye movement and body paralysis, dreaming focuses on consolidating procedural memories
177
sleep cycle
90 minutes long, Stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or 1-2-3-4-REM, REM more frequent towards morning
178
pineal gland
release melatonin in the evening, release cortisol in the morning (circadian rhythm)
179
sleep-wake disorders
dyssomnias (insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleep deprivation) and parasomnias (night terrors and sleepwalking)
180
hypnosis
state of consciousness in which individuals appear in control but are in a highly suggestible state
181
meditation
quieting of the mind and used for relief of anxiety
182
consciousness-altering drugs
depressants, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens
183
depressants
alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, mimic GABA activity in the brain
184
stimulants
amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonine conc at synaptic cleft
185
opiates and opiods
heroin, morphine, opium, and Rx meds like oxycodone of hydrocodone
186
hallucinogens
LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms
187
marijuana
depressant, stimulant, hallucinogen (tetrahydrocannabinol)
188
drug addiction is mediated by what system?
mesolimbic (nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, and ventral tegmental area)
189
what is the NT of the mesolimbic pathway
dopamine
190
selective attention
allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimuli in the background require attention
191
divided attention
automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at one time
192
5 parts of language
phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics
193
phonology
actual sound of speech
194
morphology
building blocks of words
195
semantics
meaning of words
196
syntax
rules dictating word order
197
pragmatics
changes in language delivery depending on context
198
3 language development theories
nativist (biological) - language is acquired innately
learning (behaviorist) - language acquired by operant conditioning and reinforcement
Social interactionist - language acquired by motivation to communicate and interact with others
199
whorfian hypothesis
lens through which we view and interpret the world is created by language
200
broca's aphasia
nonfluent aphasia, generating words requires great effort
201
wernicke's aphasia
fluent, nonsensical aphasia with lack of comprehension
202
arcuate fasiculus
connects wernicke's to broca's area
203
damage to arcuate fasiculus leads to
conduction aphasia - inability to repeat words heard despite intact speech generation and comprehension
204
motivation
purpose, driving force behind our actions (intrinsic or extrinsic)
205
instincts
innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli
206
instinct theory of motivation
people perform certain behaviors cuz of evolutionarily programmed instincts
207
arousal theory
people perform actions to maintain arousal (being awake and reactive to stimuli)
208
Yerkes Dodson law
performance optimal at a medium level of arousal
209
drives
internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals
210
primary drives
bodily processes
211
secondary drives
stem from learning, accomplishments and emotions
212
drive reduction theory
motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives
213
Maslow's hierarchy of needs (5 tiers)
physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem, self actualization
214
self-determination theory
emphasizes role of 3 universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness
215
incentive theory
motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
216
expectancy-value theory
amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual's expectation of success and the amount that success is valued
217
opponent-process theory
motivation for drug-use: drug use increases, body counteracts its effects, leads to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms
218
emotion
state of mind, feeling subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, relationships
219
3 components of emotion
cognitive (subjective), behavioral (facial expressions and body language) and physiological (changes in the autonomic nervous system)
220
7 universal emotions
happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, anger
221
3 theories of emotion
james-lange: nervous system arousal leads to a cognitive response in which the emotion is labeled
Cannon-bard: simultaneous arousal of the nervous system and cognitive response lead to action
Schachter-singer: nervous system arousal and interpretation of context lead to a cognitive response
222
body system involved in emotion
limbic system
223
stress
physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes
224
2 stages of stress appraisal
primary - classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign positive, or stressful
secondary - evaluating if the organism can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge
225
stressor
anything that leads to a stress response and can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals, and biological stressors (psychological stressors include pressure, control, predictability, frustration, and conflict)
226
distress
experience unpleasant stressors
227
eustress
stress in positive conditions
228
3 stages of general adaptation syndrome
alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
229
Optic nerve
Carries all info from associated eye
230
Optic chiasm
Contains crossing nasal fibers (temporal vision field) from each eye and the temporal fibers (nasal visual field - down the nose) pass directly thru
231
Optic tract
Carries all info from the opposite visual field
232
Fovea
At center of retina contains on cones, best visual acuity, most sensitive in daylight, as you get farther away from fovea, there are more rods than cones
233
Feature detection theory
We interpret objects by assessing specific characteristics (shapes, lines, motion etc) to identify something of importance or little value
234
Parallel processing
Paired with feature detection theory, our analysis of different Attributes of an object through separate pathways before integrating them. requires the interpretation of color motion shape and depth as separate entities, which Are combined to create a cohesive view the world
235
What neurotransmitter, when out of balance contributes to schizophrenia?
dopamine
236
who is most likely to develop schizophrenia around a schizophrenic?
biological/first degree relatives
237
What are schizophrenia risk factors?
trauma to the brain (at birth, specifically hypoxia), dopamine hypothesis (high levels) or genetics or structure changes
238
Depression risk factors (6)
genetics, sociocultural factors, high cortisol, highly active amygdala, atrophied hippocampus, catecholamine hypothesis (decrease in serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine)
239
Bipolar disorder risk factors (3)
genetics, catecholamine hypothesis (increase in serotonin and norepinephrine, multiple sclerosis)
240
Alzheimer's risk factors (5)
age (more common in patients older than 65), gender (women higher risk), family hx, education (decreased risk in people with higher education), genetics (ApoE and down syndrome patients)
241
biological markers of an alzheimer's patient
brain atrophy (dark spaces on MRI), decreased levels ACTH and choline acetyl transferase and beta amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and tau protein
242
Parkinsons symptoms
stooped posture, mask-like face, pill-rolling, decreased dopamine production, decreased dopamine
243
psychological disorders
thoughts, feelings, and emotions that disrupts functioning in society
244
biomedical approach
underlying neurological and genetic causes for disorders - treated with medicine
245
biopsychosocial approach
environmental and lifestyle factors as cause for disorders - treated with medicine AND changing patient's environment
246
DSM
DSM-5 descriptions of symptoms to classify disorders
247
schizphrenia (define 2 classes)
positive symptoms - behaviors, thoughts, or feelings added to normal behavior
negative symptoms - absence of normal or desired behavior
248
positive schizophrenia symptoms
delusions - false beliefs discordant with reality
hallucinations - perceptions with a sense of reality
disorganized thought - loosening of associations
disorganized behavior - inability to carry out activities of daily living
249
negative schizophrenia disorders
disturbance of affect - expression of emotion
| avolition - decreased engagement in goal-directed actions
250
major depressive disorder
episodic and severe enough to interfere with daily functions
251
major depressive disorder symptoms (mnemonic)
```
SIG E CAPS
Sleep disturbances
loss of Interest in activities
excessive Guilt
decreased Energy
difficulty Concentrating
Appetite disturbances
Psychomotor symptoms
Suicidal thoughts
```
252
Seasonal Affective Disorder
major depressive disorder with seasonal onset
253
symptoms of seasonal affective disorder (3)
present in winter months, abnormal melatonin metabolism, bright light therapy
254
bipolar disorder
rapid onset of mania (euphoria) and slow onset/long duration of depression - switch back and forth
255
symptoms of manic episodes (mnemonic)
```
DIG FAST
Distractable
Insomnia
Grandiosity
Flight of ideas
Agitation
pressured Speech
Thoughtlessness and risky behavior
```
256
difference b/w bipolar I vs bipolar II disorders
I: manic episodes with or without major depressive disorders (classical)
II: hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
257
hypomania
does not significantly impair functioning
258
cyclothymic disorder
both mania and depression are less severe
259
5 anxiety disorders
general anxiety, specific phobia, social anxiety, agoraphobia, panic disorder
260
general anxiety disorder
persistent worry about many things (like mortgage payments)
261
specific phobia
irrational fear of a specific object
262
social anxiety disorder
fear or anxiety in social situations (being embarrassed)
263
agoraphobia
fear of places where escape is difficult (uncomfy leaving home)
264
panic disorder
sense of impending doom (activates sympathetic nervous system)
265
OCD (2 characterizations)
obsessive-compulsive disorder, person has persistent irrational thoughts that person will obsess over in the face of evidence to the contrary, severe enough to impede daily life
1. obsessions - persistant intrusive thoughts that raise stress levels
2. compulsions - irrational repetitive actions person uses to remedy their stress
266
body dismorphic disorder
type of OCD, person thinks a part of their body is awful and will do anything to fix it
267
Dissociative disorders
avoidance of stressors by escape from identity and reality
268
3 types of dissociative disorders
1. amnesia - forget memories of the past because of psychological trauma
2. dissoc. identity - 2 or more personalities that alternate/compete
3. depersonalization/derealization - feel detached from mind and body
269
somatic symptom disorder
affected person experiences pain, injury, or illness that cannot be explained by a medical condition
270
3 types of somatic symptom disorder
1. somatic symptom - sx not linked to medical condition
2. illness anxiety - hypochondriac
3. conversion disorder - motor or sensory sx linked to stress
271
ego-syntonic
they don't think their behavior is abnormal
272
ego-dystonic
they realize their behavior is abnormal but can't stop and sx are intrusive in their daily life (not part of their true personality)
273
personality disorders
behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, ego-syntonic
274
personality disorder clusters mnemonic
A-B-C, weird-wild-worried
275
personality cluster A disorders (3)
WEIRD
1. paranoid - pervasive mistrust and suspicion of others
2. schizotypal - odd/magical thinking
3. schizoid - few interpersonal relationships
276
personality cluster B disorders (4)
WILD
1. antisocial - disregard for rights and laws, lack empathy
2. borderline - instability in mood, identity, relationships, expecting everyone to disappoint them (abandonment issues)
3. histrionic - needs to be center of attention
4. narcissistic - needs to be loved and admired by others
277
personality cluster C disorders (3)
WORRIED
1. avoidant - extreme shyness and fear of rejection
2. dependent - need for reassurance from others
3. obsessive-compulsive - ego-syntonic, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, careful routines
278
What are 2 areas of the brain that provide the basis for aggression?
amygdala - activated in a threatening situation
| prefrontal cortex- modulates impulsiveness
279
What hormone increases aggressive behavior?
testosterone
280
cognitive neoassociation model
aggression is linked to negative emotions
281
Ainsworth study
infants require a consistent caregiver from first 6 months to 2 years of life
282
4 types of attachment
secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized
283
secure attachment
caregiver - reliable and secure source of comfort
| child explores world comfortably and prefers caregiver to strangers
284
avoidant attachment
caregiver - doesn't respond to distressed child
| child shows no preference for caregiver
285
ambivalent attachment
caregiver - inconsistent response to distressed child
| child - distressed when caregiver leaves, mixed response upon return
286
disorganized attachment
caregiver - erratic or socially withdrawn
| child shows no consistent pattern of behavior toward caregiver
287
5 types of support
emotional, esteem, material, informational, network
288
emotional support
listening, affirming, empathizing (i'm so sorry to hear you lost your job"
289
esteem support
affirming qualities and skills of a person (you've got a great resume, I'm sure you'll get hired soon)
290
material support
financial or material contribution (let me get the check this time)
291
informational support
providing info that will help someone (i hear my company is looking to hire)
292
network support
gives a sense of belonging (group hug!)
293
3 mating systems
monogamy (man + woman)
polygamy (polygyny -man w/ mult women OR polyandry - woman w/ mult men)
promiscuity (anyone w/ anyone)
294
mate choice
intersexual selection based on attraction
295
genetic compatability
creation of mate pairs that have complementary genetics
296
phenotypic benefits
observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex
297
indicator traits
trait that signifies overall good health and well being of an organism (dog's shiny coat)
298
fisherian (runaway) selection
particular trait has no effect on survival becomes more exaggerated over time (peacock plumage)
299
Evolutionary Stable strategy (ESS)
natural selection will prevent other strategies from arising
300
Inclusive fitness
an individual organisms' success in the population (# offspring, success in supporting offspring, ability of the offspring to them support others)
301
altruism
selflessness - organism gives up its resources for another, (evolution-wise its for passing on genes)
302
Social perception/cognition
making judgements and impressions on others (need a perceiver, target, and situation to provide social context)
303
impression bias (4 factors it relies on)
selection of cues to form interpretations of others
1. reliance on central traits (smart, trustworthy, shy etc)
2. primacy effect - first impressions most important
3. recency effect - most recent encounter most important
4. implicit personality theory - judgements on personality made quickly & subconsciously
304
halo effect
judgement on specific aspect of individual can be affected by overall impression of individual
305
just world hypothesis
karma, consequences due to universal restoring force (good things happen to good people, bad things happen to bad people)
306
self-serving bias
self-identity and perception , our success due to internal factors like hard work, failures due to external factors
307
attribution theory
what should i credit/blame for this person's behavior? dispositional - internal behavior (beliefs, attitudes, personality)
situational - external, surroundings, social norm, money, etc
308
3 cues to determine dispositional or situational attribution theory?
consistency - does it happen all the time? (dispositional)
consensus - does other people do it too? (situational)
distinctiveness - in between
309
fundamental attribution error
biased toward dispositional rather than situational attributions, especially in negative context (team member didn't do any work, so they're lazy)
310
individualist culture
high value on personal goals and independence (more dispositional)
311
collectivist culture
high value on conformity and interdependence (more situational)
312
stereotype
attitudes and impressions are based on limited and superficial info about a person or group, can have negative connotations
313
self-fulfilling prophecy
person's inaccurate expectations about another person's behavior prompt them to act in stereotype consistent ways
314
stereotype threat
people concerned/anxious about confirming a negative stereotype about their social group
315
prejudice (3 influences)
irrational positive/negative attitude toward a person, group, thing prior to an actual experience with that entity
1. power - achieve goals despite obstacles
2. prestige - respect shown to a person/group
3. class - socioeconomic status
316
ethnocentrism
practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one's own culture
317
cultural relativism
opp of ethnocentrism - recognizing that cultures are different from our own and that the values/behaviors of that culture fit into that culture (not believing one culture is more superior, but that it's just different)
318
discriminiation
acting on prejudices, treating others differently based on prejudices
319
individual discrimination
one person discriminates against a particular person/group
320
institutional discrimination
institution/organization discriminates against a particular person or group
321
social facilitation
people tend to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
322
Yerkes Dodson law
social facilitation - performing a simple task in front of others will make you better at it, performing a complex task in front of others will make you worse at it
323
deindividuation
losing a sense of individuality, becoming an anonymous part of a group (ex. uniforms)
324
bystander effect
more bystanders means a slower and smaller chance of response (in a mall, fewer people will help a stranger)
325
social loafing
loaf - lazy, tendency of individuals to put in less effort (group project)
326
peer pressure
social influence on an individual
327
primary socialization
process of initially learning actions and attitudes thru observation
stage: CHILDHOOD
example (child learns to cover mouth when sneezing cuz mom does it)
328
secondary socialization
based on learning the rules of specific social environments
Stage: ADOLESCENCE and ADULTHOOD
(ex.bell rings at school, time to leave(
329
anticipatory socialization
process by which a person prepares for future changes
Stage: ADULTHOOD
(preggers couple babysits)
330
resocialization
process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones
Stage: ADULTHOOD
(ex joining the armed forces)
331
norms
societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior (shaking hands after a sports game)
332
deviance
any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society (jaywalking)
333
status
position in society that is used to classify individuals
334
ascribed status
one that is given involuntarily due to such factors as race, ethnicity, or gender
335
achieved status
one that is gained as a result of one's efforts or choices
336
master status
the status by which a person is most identified
337
role
.set of beliefs, values, attitudes, norms that define expectations for those who hold a status
338
peer group
association of self selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses
339
family group
not self-selected, but determined by birth, adoption, or marriage
340
in group
group to which an individual belongs
341
out group
group with which an individual is in opposition with
342
primary group
interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal and intimate relationships, last a long time
343
secondary groups
interactions are superficial, with few emotional bonds, last short period of time
344
network
observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups
345
immediate network
dense with strong ties, composed of friends
346
distant network
loose and built on weaker ties, may include acquaintances
347
organization
entities set up to achieve specific goals, has structure and culture
348
direct therapy
treatment on individual (meds, periodic meetings with psychologist)
349
indirect therapy
increases social support by educating and empowering the family and friends of the affected person
350
PTSD
post traumatic stress disorder - intrusion symptoms (reliving the event, flashbacks, nightmares)
avoidance
negative mood and amnesia
arousal - startled
351
Schizophrenia has high levels of
dopaminergic transmission
352
Depression has high levels of and low levels of
glucocorticoids; norepi, serotonin and dopamine
353
bipolar disorders have high levels of
serotonin
354
group polarization
tend toward making decisions in a group that are more extremem than the thoughts of the individual group members
355
group think
tend to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group w/o considering outside ideas (ethics?)
356
compliance
individuals change behavior based on requests of others (foot in the door, door in the face, lowball, thats not all)
357
obedience
change in behavior based on a command from someone seen as an authority figure
358
learning theory
states that attitudes are developed thru forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, and conditioning
359
elaboration likelihood model
states that attitudes are formed and changed thru different routes of info processing based on the degree of elaboration
360
social cognitive theory
states that attitudes are formed thru observation of behavior, personal factors and environment
361
status
position in society used to classify individuals
362
ascribed status
involuntarily assigned to an individual based on race, ethnicity, gender, etc
363
achieved status
voluntarily earned by an individual
364
master status
status by which an individual is primarily identified
365
role
set of beliefs, values, and norms that define the expectations of a certain status in a social situation
366
role performance
carrying out the behaviors of a given role
367
role partner
another individual who helps define a specific role within the relationship
368
role set
contains all diff roles associated with status
369
role conflict
one has difficulty in satisfying the requirements of multiple rolese simultaneously
370
role strain
occurs when one has difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role simultaneously
371
impression management
maintenance of a public image, which is accomplished thru various strategies
372
self-disclosure
sharing factual info
373
managing appearances
using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations to create a positive image
374
ingratiation
using flattery or conformity to win over someone else
375
aligning actions
use of excuses to account for questions
376
alter-casting
imposing an identity onto another person
377
dramaturgical approach
individuals create images of themselves in the same way that actors perform a role in front of an audience
378
front stage
individual is seen by the audience and strives to preserve his desired image
379
back stage
individual is not in front of an audience and is free to act outside of his desired image
380
Interpersonal attraction
what makes people like each other and is influenced by multiple factors
381
self-disclosure
includes sharing fears, thoughts and goals with another person and being met with empathy and nonjudgement
382
reciprocity
we like people who we think like us
383
proximity
being physically close to someone
384
game theory
attempts to explain decision-making between individuals as if they are participating in a game
385
functionalism
focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together
386
manifest functions
deliberate actions that serve to help a given system
387
latent functions
unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions
388
conflict theory
focuses on how power differentials are created and ow these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order
389
symbolic interactionism
study of the ways individuals interact thru a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols
390
social constructionism
explores the ways in which individuals and gorups make decisions to agree upon a given social reality
391
rational choice theory
individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm
392
exchange theory
applies rational choice theory within social groups
393
feminist theory
explores the ways in which one gender can be subordinated, minimized, or devalued compared to the other
394
social institutions
well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture (family, religion, government, etc)
395
Beneficence
acting in the patient's best interest
396
nonmaleficence
refers to avoiding trx for which risk is larger than benefit
397
autonomy
refers to respecting patient's rights to make decisions about their own healthcare
398
justice
trx similar patients similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly
399
cultural lag
idea that material culture changes more quickly than symbolic culture
400
meritocracy
society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement
401
social mobility
allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities by achieving required credentials and experience (positive upward direction or negative downard)
402
absolute poverty
people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities
403
relative poverty
poor in comparison to the entire population
404
spatial inequality
form of social stratification across territories and their populations and can occur along residential, environmental, and global lines
405
prevalence
calculated as the number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time
406
incidence
number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time
407
morbidity
burden or degree of illness associated with a given diseases
408
mortality
deaths caused by a given disease
