Biology Quiz grade 10 Flashcards
(26 cards)
differences between plant and animal cells
Plant cells have a larger vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall.
Cell Membrane
Separates and protects the cell from its surroundings; Regulates what enters/exits the cell (selectively permeable).
Cell Wall
Surrounds cell membrane; Strong and rigid; Provides support to cell.
Cytoplasm / Cytosol
Gelatinous (jelly-like) substance; Carries out chemical reactions; Supports organelles.
Nucleus
(Plants and Animals)
Controls the cell’s activities; Contains DNA; Surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope
with nuclear pores.
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes.
Nucleoplasm
Gelatinous (jelly-like substance; Contains DNA (chromatin).
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Processes and transports proteins; Studded with ribosomes; Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipids and steroids; Carbohydrate metabolism; Breaks down drugs and toxins (detoxification) in the liver; Storage & release of calcium (for muscle movement).
Ribosomes
Builds proteins; Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum or free-floating in cytosol.
Golgi Body/Apparatus
Modifies, stores and transports proteins from the RER and substances like fats from the SER.
Vacuoles
Storage of macromolecules, stores harmful substances; Animal cells have lots of small vacuoles and plant cells have one large vacuole; keeps plants firm by pressing against cell wall.
Vesicles
For transport of substances.
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes:
Digestion (e.g., unicellular organisms)
Fighting disease (in white blood cells)
Recycling cell components
Cell suicide
Mitochondria
Site of cellular respiration;
Breaks down glucose to produce ATP (energy); known as the “powerhouse of the cell”.
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis; Uses solar energy and carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers; Provides support and structure; Allows movement in cell.
Centrioles
Centrioles are small, cylindrical structures found in animal cells (and some plants) that help organize cell division. They are located in the centrosome, which is like the “control center” for the cell’s skeleton.
The Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the smallest functional units of living organisms.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Interphase
The cell spends most of its life (~90% of its time) in interphase.G1 Phase:
Cell grows
New proteins and organelles made
S Phase:
Synthesis
DNA is replicated (copied)G2 Phase:
Cell grows again and prepares for mitosis (division)
At this stage, DNA exists as chromatin
Chromosome – the condensed form of genetic material; composed of DNA and proteins (hereditary material)
Chromatin – the non-condensed form of genetic material; composed mostly of DNA and proteins
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into paired chromosomes (sister chromatids)
Spindle fibres form
Centrioles move to each pole
Nuclear membrane dissolves and nucleolus disappears
Metaphase
Centromere attaches to spindle fibres and line up the chromosomes (sister chromatids) at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase
Spindle fibres shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell
Centromere splits
Sister chromatids are separated into two identical chromosomes
Telophase
Spindle fibres disappear
Chromosomes reach opposite ends of the cell
Nuclear membranes reappears around DNA
Chromosomes relax/untangle back into chromatin
