Biology Quiz: Microscopes & Parts of a Cell Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What do microscopes do?
A
-Main benefit is resolution, the ability to see fine detail
2
Q
1595 Zaccharias and Hans Janssen (Holland)
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- Produced crude microscope
- Used a 2-lens system
3
Q
1609 Galileo (Italy)
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-Built crude compound microscope
4
Q
1600’s Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (Holland)
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- Built simple single lens microscope
- 1st to see unicellular motion
5
Q
1665 Hooke (England)
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- built compound microscope
- First person to use the word “cell” (cork)
- 3 lens system
6
Q
1930 Hillier & Prebus (Canada)
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-Built 1st electron microscope
7
Q
1940’s
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-first scanning electron microscope
8
Q
Compound research microscope (common)
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- Image produced by light through specimen
- 1 eyepiece/ocular (0-4 objective lenses)
- Transparent specimens used
- 1000X
9
Q
Dissecting Microscope [compound microscope]
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- 2 oculars/eyepieces
- 2 light sources
- To look at solid objects
- 85X
10
Q
Pros & Cons of Compound Microscopes
A
Pros:
-images produced in color, 3D, living materials can be used
Cons:
- low magnifacations
- poor resolution at high magnifacations
11
Q
Parts of a microscope
A
12
Q
Transmitted light
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Light passes through specimen
13
Q
Incident Light
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Light reflects off specimen
14
Q
Parfocal
A
When microscope is focused on one power, it should still be in focus when swtiched
15
Q
Inverted Image
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Upsidedown and backwards (‘e’)
16
Q
Virtual Image
A
Image is the same as it is
17
Q
Field of View
A
- Diameter of what you see
- Measured in microns (μ)
- Descreases as magnifacation increases
- Forumla: known f.o.v/(unknown mag/ known mag)*
*known mag= image ocular x objective for each*
18
Q
mm to microns
A
1mm x 1000 = 1 micron
19
Q
Actual Size
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= field diameter/fit number
20
Q
Calculate the Scale
A
scale = actual size/ drawing
21
Q
Magnifacation
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1.) number of times microscope enlarges specimen
magnifacation= drawing/actual sizw
22
Q
Electron Microscope
A
- Uses beam of electrons not lightwaves
- No colour
- Able to see great detail
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Q
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
A
-Beam of electrons pass through stained tissue imbedded in plastic
Pros:
- very high mag.
- high resolution (internal detail seen)
Cons:
- 2D
- B&W
24
Q
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
A
- scans surface of specimen
- image produced by electrons reflected off surface onto screen
- Often coat specimen gold for sharp images
Pros:
- High magnifacation
- 3D B&W
Cons:
-specimen has to be dead
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Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
-image is very thin section wiht high res.
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Contrast
- Essential to see detail
- Ability to see differences between structures
- The result of the capacity to absrob light
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Fluorescence Microscopy
- used to **localize substances in cells**
- substance attatched to molecules then **glows in UV light**
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Parts of a Animal Cell
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Nucleus
- control centre
- contains genetic info
- surrounded by nuclear envelope (has pores so things can exit/enter)
- Nucleolus: small part that stores robosomal RNA
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Cell Membrane (parts of cells)
- Protective barrier
- selectively semipermable: allows needed materials into the cell & waste materials out
- fluid NOT rigid
- maintains equilibrium
- mosaic of various proteins embedded
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Cytoplasm
- gel-like substance (mostly water)
- contains everything between the nucleus membrane & the cell membrane
- contains nutrients for cellular activities
- has specialized organelles & cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton
- network of fibres extending throughout cytoplasm
- used for support, motility, & regulation
- contains microtubes, microfilaments, & intermeditate filaments
- disassmebles and assembles itself when cell is squished
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Mitochondria
- provides cell with energy
- "powerhouse"
- Contain some DNA
- number of mitochondria in a cell relates to its level of metabolic activity
- Site for cellular respiration
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Ribosomes
- Site where **protein synthesis** occurs
- Takes amino acids\> makes proteins
- free ribosomes are suspended in cytosol
- bound ribsomes attatched to the outside of the ER or nuclear membrane
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Golgi Apparatus (alien purse)
- flat disc shaped
- stores substances from the ER such as proteins
- produces carbohydrates
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Lysosomes "suicide sacs" [bowls]
- carries out diogestion
- conatins strong digestion enzymes
- fuse with vesicles made by the photocytosis
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- extensive network of tubes which connect all parts of cells
- transport system
- transports proteins
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Vacuoles & Vesicles
- storage place for food, water, or wastes
- surronded by membrane
- vesicles transport substances
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Chloroplasts (Spaceships)
- found in plant cells
- chlorphyll in it prodcues a green colour
- contains a small amount of DNA & can divide
- photosynthesis occurs
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Cell Wall
- only found in plant cells
- rigid walls for protection and support
- prevents excessive uptake of water
- made with celluose
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Low Power
4X
4000μm
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Medium Power
10X
1500 μm
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High Power
40X
400 μm
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Dissecting vs. Research Microscope
- Type of Image
- Type of Light
- # of Oculars
- # of Objectives
- Highest Mag.
- Type of Specimen
Research:
- Inverted
- Transmitted
- 1
- 3-4
- 400X
- transparent
Dissecting:
- virtual
- incident
- 2
- 1
- 30X
- solid
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Staining
Stains attatched to different parts of the cell improving the contrast & therefore the image
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Drawing Magnification
drawing/ estimated size
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Gene Mapping
- DNA found on the chromosomes within the nucleus of the cell directs the activites of the cell
- Can also be used to manipulate plant genes to produce plants that are pest and dropught resistant
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Cell Communication
- Cells are open systems
- Messenger molecules from one cell travels through the bloodstream & attatches to the specific receptors on the other cells
- The receptors then change shape and allows
functions to occur
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Development of Cell Theory
- Cell discovered by Robert Hooke while examining the cork
- The cell theory proposed by
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Spontaneuous Generation
- The idea that life can emerge spontaneuously from non-living matter
- Widely believed in the 19th century
- Disaproved by Louis Pasteur when he found microrganisms in the air
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Cell Theory
- Proposed by Schleiden & Schwann
1. A**ll living things are made of cells**
2. **All life functions takes place in cells,** making them the smallest unit of life
3. **All cells come from pre-existing cells**
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Pasteur's Expierment
Control: Broth in flasks
Manipulated: The neck of flasks
Responding: Mold
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Redi's Expierment
Control: Jars of meat
Manipulated: Cover of jars
Responding: Bugs
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What are the life processes of cells? (7)
1. Intake of nutrients
2. Movement
3. Growth
4. Response to stimulli
5. Exchange of gases
6. Waste removal
7. Reproduction
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Rough ER
- Ribosomes attatched to it
- Protein synthesis
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Smooth ER
--No ribosomes attatched to it
-Asscotiated with fat, oil, steroid production
-
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Peroxisomes
- performs a variety of functions like breaking down fatty acids, detoxifying alcohol
- products H2O2 is converted into water
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Cell Parts vs. Town
- cell membrane
- nucleus
- mitochondria
- lysosomes
- ribosomes
- golgi bodies
- vacuoles
- ER
- chloroplasts
- DNA
- chromosomes
Cell membrane - city limits
Nucleus - City hall
Mitochondria - Power plant
Lysosomes - Garbage Trucks/Recycling
Ribosomes - Bakery, Tailor
Golgi Bodies - oil sands plants
Vacuoles - Mall, Grocery Store
ER - Roads
Chloroplasts - Solar energy plants
DNA - Blueprints
Chromosomes - Rolled up blueprints
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Chemical Compostion
- water is major compound found in all cells
- cell structures made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
- trace elements, such as zinc, magnesium & iron are found in tiny amounts in solvent
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Parts of a Plant Cell
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Microscope Part Functions:
ocular lens
arm
coarse focus
fine focus
power switch
base
lamp
diaphragm/condenser
stage
stage clips
body tube
nosepiece/turret
Ocular lens- allow observation of specimen & part of the toal mag.
Arm -holds all parts
coarse focus- moves the stage up and down
fine focus- makes subtle adjustments for clear image
power switch- turns lamp on/off
base- bears the weight of microscope
lamp- light source
diaphragm/condenser- adjusts the diameter of an opening to control the amount of light passing through
stage- part which the specimen slide is on
stage clips- clips that hold slide in place
body tube- connects eyepiece to objective lenses
nosepiece/turret- houses the objective lenses
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Drawing
1. Measure size of specimen in cm
2. Convert to mm (cmx10=mm)
3. mm x 1000 = micron
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What are the 4 major organic compounds?
Lipids: fats & oils
Carbohydrates: sugars, starches, & cellulose
Protein: muscle fibers
Nucleic Acids: DNA,genetic material
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Isolating Cell Organelles
- isolating specfic cell organelles helps researchers study their compostition & function
- able to do this using cell fractionation
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Cell Fractionation
1. ) process that uses centrifugation (spinning test tubes at various speeds) to seperate organelles
2. ) resulting force sperates the cell components by size & denisty
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Types of Cells: Prokaryotes
- Don't have nucleus. Have nucleoid
- very small
- eg. bacteria
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Types of Cells: Eukaryotes
- have nucleus
- larger than prokaryotes
- eg. plants, animals, fungi
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Plants vs Animal Cells: Differences
Plants: cell walls & chlorofyll - Animals: N/A
Plants: large vacuoles & vesicles - Animals: small vacuoles & vesicles
Animals: contains lysosomes - Plants: N/A
Plants: store energy in the form of starches or oils - Animals: contain glycogen or lipids as fats
Plants: No centrioles - Animals: centrioles for cell division
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Plants vs Animal Cells: Similarities
- Cell membrane & cytoskeleton made of proteins & lipids
- DNA made of sugars, nitrogen bases, & phosphates
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What is cell membrane made up of? (3 major & 2 points)
1. Phospholipid bilayer: a double layer where phospahte ends face out (attracted to water) & lipids face in (repel water)
2. Protein Channels: found throughout bilayer attatched to outside or inside
3. Cholesterol packed between phospholipids
- types of lipids in bilayer determine temperature resistance of cell
- different types of cells contain different set of proteins
73
What are the 6 basic functions of plasma proteins?
1. transport
2. enzyme activity (speeds up reactions)
3. signal transduction (hormones)
4. cell to cell recognition
5. intercellular joining
6. stability & maintenance
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Different Types of Lipids (2)
-Unsaturated (kinked): these fats make the membrane more fluid
\> easier to break down
-Saturated (straight): these fats make membrane more viscous
\>hard to break down
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