Biology sem 2 unit 4

Question 1

Definition of Evolution

Answer 1

A process that results in changes in the genetic material of a population over time

Question 2

Who was responsible for adopting the theory of evolution

Answer 2

Charles darwin

Question 3

insecticide resistance

Answer 3

bugs become resistance to chemicals used against them

Question 4

bajau people

Answer 4

have evolved to hold their breath for long periods of time because their main food source is underwater,and have big spleens

Question 5

peppered moth

Answer 5

has changed color to better stay hidden on trees (that are now covered in soot from the industrial era) from birds

Question 6

lactose persistance

Answer 6

Lot of world lactose intolerant, some pockets that weren’t
(scandinavian, eastern africa) able to survive in times of drought, famine, and war and were able to survive by drinking milk of their animals.

Question 7

The Andes Mountain people

Answer 7

didn’t have a lot of oxygen living up in the mountains so they evolved to be able to carry more oxygen in their red blood cells to bring more oxygen to their body

Question 8

the himalayan people

Answer 8

since there wasn’t a lot of oxygen in the mountains so they breath faster, have higher body weight and fat to hold more oxygen in their bodies

Question 9

species

Answer 9

a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring

Question 10

Describe how 13 different species of finches throughout the Galapagos Islands distributed from a common ancestry in mainland South America

Answer 10

1. Founders arrive, the finches come to the galapagos islands 2. Geographic isolation, some birds moved to a second island in the galapagos. 3. Change in Gene Pools, after being away for so long the birds started to develop different traits to survive better on the new islands 4. Behavioral Isolation, the finches tried to go back to the original island but became too different to ever breed with the other finches again 5. Competition and continued evolution, as the birds live on the islands they spread and different situations come up where they need to evolve and only the fittest survive

Question 11

What are the 3 ways that reproductive isolation happens? For each, define and give an example

Answer 11

Behaviral isolation-the organisms start mating differently and start to stop mating with each other because they only mate people like themselves, peacocks and blue footed boobies. geographic isolation-have a geographic barrier that separates the population, like a population getting separated by a mountain or river. temporal isolation-reproduce at different times, like when orchids don’t reproduce at the same time, so they don’t reproduce with each other

Question 12

gene pool

Answer 12

Where members of a population interbreed with one another and share a common group of genes

Question 13

What does allele frequency mean

Answer 13

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, as a percentage of the total occurrence of all alleles for that gene in the gene pool

Question 14

what is a clade

Answer 14

A group of species that includes a single common ancestry and descendants of that ancestor living or extinct

Question 15

True or false-the more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

Answer 15

true

Question 16

What did James Hutton propose

Answer 16

Earth has been slowly shaped by geological processes over very long periods of time

Question 17

What did Charles Lyell propose

Answer 17

Geological processes that shaped the Earth over long periods in the past are the same processes that operate today

Question 18

MRSA

Answer 18

bacteria that is resistant to the penicillin family

Question 19

Describe the Galapagos Islands (why is life there so diverse?)

Answer 19

far apart from each other, different landscapes, elevation, different plant life, different climate, all different from each other

Question 20

Why were Darwin’s ideas so controversial at the time

Answer 20

Everyone thought that some all power like god made the world, thought earth was young and that the organisms on earth were there because god made them, and if they died god made more

Question 21

How did the above scientists help shape Darwin’s theory

Answer 21

Hutton and lyell helped him see the earth is very old, and helped him understand that if physical features on earth can change overtime so can living things

Question 22

Describe AND give an example of each of Jean Baptiste Lamarck’s 3 hypotheses about how and why organisms evolve

Answer 22

Use and disuse(if you start stop using a limb it will just fall off), inheritance of required characteristics(if a parent got laser eye surgery to see better it would be inherited by their child), tendency towards perfection (if you wanted to learn to fly you could practice to)

Question 23

Why do we study Lamarck’s ideas if they are flawed

Answer 23

He was the first person that got people thinking about how organisms change

Question 24

Describe struggle for existence

Answer 24

Organisms compete in their environment and those that have adaptions to compete for resources will survive.

Question 25

Briefly describe what natural selection is

Answer 25

Species that are best fit to survive in an environment pass on traits through generations gradual, favorable changes in the population

Question 26

Other than direct observation, what are other pieces of evidence supporting evolution

Answer 26

fossil records, early embryonic development, similarities, homologous and analogous stuctures, vesitigial organs

Question 27

What are homologous structures? Give an example

Answer 27

Same basic structure in different but related organisms, the human arm and the wing of a bird

Question 28

What are analogous structures? Give an example

Answer 28

Body parts that serve similar functions but do not share structure and development, the wing of a bee and the wing of a bird

Question 29

What are vestigial organs? Give 3 examples (what they used to do and why we don’t need them anymore). Why do we still have vestigial organs today if they are not useful anymore

Answer 29

Vestigial organs are inherited form ancestors but have lost most of their function, still exist because they don’t affect our health. Appendix was used to digest cellulose which we don’t really have in our diet anymore, tailbone was used to have balance but we don’t need that anymore, third eyelid to protect the eyelid from debris that would get in our eyes from hunting but we don’t do that anymore.

Question 30

What is convergent evolution? Give an example

Answer 30

Species living in different continents from different ancestors live in same conditions and come to evolve common features, sugar glider(north america) and flying squirrel (australia)

Question 31

What is divergent evolution? Give an example

Answer 31

(adaptive radiation) 2 or more related species become separated and become more dissimilar over time (can result in new species) capybaras (south america) and beavers(north america)

Question 32

For a species to evolve into two (or more) new species, the ________ of the two populations must become separated.

Answer 32

gene pool

Question 33

Describe and give an example of the 3 types of reproductive isolation

Answer 33

Geographic isolation- when a barrier separates a population and cause them to become isolated (mountains, rivers). Behavioral isolation: when a species is split in different ways of mating, each of the groups won’t mate with each other because the organisms only mate with who looks like them. (different courtship techniques) peacocks and the blue footed booby’s Temporal isolation- their reproduction time is off, (thirteen year cicada and 17 year cicada can’t mate with each other.

Question 34

Describe how 13 different species of finches throughout the Galapagos Islands distributed from a common ancestry in mainland South America. Hint: There are five steps

Answer 34

1. Founders arrive, the finches come to the galapagos islands 2. Geographic isolation, most birds stayed put bc they can’t swim well. If they change islands its an accident and they get separated 3. Change in Gene Pools, after being isolated for so long the birds started to develop different traits to survive better on the islands with different food that they have to eat 4. The finches became too different to ever breed with the other finches again 5. Competition and continued evolution, as the birds live on the islands they spread and different situations come up where they need to evolve and only the fittest survive

Question 35

Define species

Answer 35

A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another and produce fertile offspring

Question 36

Define gene pool

Answer 36

Where members of a population interbreed with one another and share a common group of genes

Question 37

What does allele frequency mean

Answer 37

The number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool, as a percentage of the total occurrence of all alleles for that gene in the gene pool

Question 38

What are the 3 sources of genetic variation, and for each a) define, and b) give an example

Answer 38

mutations(an alter in dna): turner syndrome, sickle cell disease. Genetic recombination( exchange of genetic material between organisms which makes offspring with combo of the exchanged genes): during meiosis in prophase one when the homologous chromosomes line up to do crossing over. Lateral gene transfer( sharing genetic material not through reproduction): bacteria sharing the gene that has antibiotic resistance

Question 39

Differentiate between single gene traits and polygenic traits and give an example of each.

Answer 39

Single gene: a trait controlled by one gene, presence of freckles or dimples Polygenic traits: a characteristic determined by 2 or more genes, hair color, eye color

Question 40

Define phylogeny

Answer 40

system of grouping organisms together based on common ancestry

Question 41

What is a clade

Answer 41

A group of species that includes a single common ancestry and descendants of that ancestor living or extinct

Question 42

True or false - In general, the more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms.

Answer 42

true