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Biology Semester 1 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a bacterial infection?

A

A bacterial infection occurs when harmful bacteria invade your body and start to multiply, causing illness. These bacteria can enter through various routes, including cuts, bites, or even through your airways or digestive system. Bacterial infections can affect many parts of the body, including skin, lungs, and blood, and can lead to various symptoms like fever, pain, swelling, and rash.

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2
Q

What is a fungal infection?

A

A fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by a fungus (yeast or mold). Fungal infections can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes, and in some cases, even internal organs. They are often superficial, but can also be deep or systemic.

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3
Q

What is a viral infection?

A

A viral infection occurs when a virus enters and multiplies within your body, causing illness. Viruses are tiny, parasitic organisms that can only replicate inside a living cell, hijacking the cell’s machinery to produce more viruses. These infections can range from mild, like a common cold, to severe, even life-threatening, depending on the virus and the individual’s health.

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4
Q

What are some examples of a bacterial infection?

A

strep throat, urinary tract infections (UTIs), pneumonia, skin infections like cellulitis or impetigo, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea and chlamydia.

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5
Q

What are some examples of a fungal infection?

A

skin infections like ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch, as well as systemic infections like vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush.

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6
Q

What are some examples of a viral infection?

A

chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, hepatitis, herpes, and various viral respiratory infections like RSV and the common cold.

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7
Q

What is blood comprised of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets.

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8
Q

What is the first line of decfence?

A

It is a non-specific barrier comprised of the physical and chemical barriers like the skin, saliva, sweat, tears and mucus.

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9
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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9
Q

What is the CNS

A

Centeral Nervous System

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9
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the PNS made up of?

A

The perihperal nerves in the limbs

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10
Q

What are the 6 main parts of the brain?

A

frontal lobe, pariental lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, cerebellum, brain stem

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11
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

It allows you to move, think and speak

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12
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Allows you to feel sensations

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13
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Allows you to understand and hear

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14
Q

What does the occipital lobe do?

A

Allows you to see and control vision

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15
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Allows you to have ballance and coordination

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16
Q

What does the brain stem do?

A

Controls swallowing, breathing, heart rate and blood flow.

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17
Q

What does the left brain do?

A

Languages, science, maths, thinking, reasoning, right side of the body. Practical stuff.

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18
Q

What does the right brain do>

A

Creativity, art, music, 3D, recognising faces, left side of the body. Abstract/creative stuff.

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19
Q

What does and afferent pathway do?

A

Gives information about the inside of the body as well as external environment to do with temp, pain and other stimuli.

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20
Q

What does an efferent pathway do?

A

Messages and commands to different parts of the body to perform actions and move through motor neurons.

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21
Q

What is a neuron?

A

a nerve cell which transmits electrically between different parts of the body.

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22
What is an axon?
the part of the neurone which carries the signal.
23
What is a dendrite>
small theads expelling from the body of a neurone. they make contact with other cells and receive information from the, passing through the neurone.
24
What is a soma?
also known as the cell body, it connects the dendrites, nucleus and axons.
25
What is a myelin sheath?
a fatty coating on the axons to insulate it.
26
What is a synapse?
the junction or gap between two neurones.
27
What are neurotransmitters?
a chemical transmitter which crosses the synaps and triggers the an onward response.
28
What is a sensory neurone?
transmits electrical impulses from the sensory receptor to the CNS.
29
What is a motor neurone?
transmits electrical impulses from the CNS to the effector.
30
What is a relay/inter neurone?
transmits electrical impulses between neurones and the CNS.
31
Why is the myelin sheath important?
It provides a fatty layer around the axon to insulate it. This significantly increases the speed of the signal and ensures it is not interupted.
32
Anout how big is the synaptic gap?
20 nm (nanometre)
33
What happens when a signal reaches a synaptic gap in a neurone?
The signal changes from electrical to chemical to cross the synaptic gap, changing back into electrical when is reaches the dendrites of the next neurone.
34
What is a vesicle?
'packets' of neurotransmitters.
35
What is a receptor in a neurone?
What the neurotransmitters bind to on the next neurone.
36
What do neurotransmitters include?
serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, endorphins, adrenaline.
37
What are the 11 parts to the eye?
Optic nerve, blind spot, retina, cornea, pupil, aqueous humor, iris, lens, vitreous humor, sclera, tapetum.
38
What does the cornea do?
The tough, clear covering over the iris and the pupil that helps protect the eye. Light bends as it passes through the cornea. This is the first step to making and image in the retina. The cornea begins bending light to make and image; the lens finishes the job.
39
What does the pupil do?
The pupil is the dark circle in the center of your iris. It's a hole that lets light into the inner eye. Human pupils are round.
40
What does the aqueous humor do?
A clear fluid that helps the cornea keep it's rounded shape.
41
What does the iris do?
A muscle that controls how much light enters the eye. It is suspended between the cornea and the lens. Human iris's can come on many colours.
42
What does the lens do?
A clear, flexible structure that makes an image on the eye's retina. The lens is flexible so that is can change shape, focusing on close up objects and far away objects.
43
What does the vitreous humor do?
The thick, clear jelly that helps give the eyeball its shape.
44
What does the sclera do?
The thick, tough, white outer covering of the eyeball.
45
What does the tapetum do?
The colourful, shiny material located behind the retina. Found in animals with good night vision, the tapetum reflects light back throught the retina.
46
What does the optic nerve do?
The bundle of nerve fibres that carry information from the retina to the brain.
47
What does the blind spot do?
The place where the optic nerve leaves the retina. Each eye has a blind spot where there are no light sensitive cells.
48
What does the retina do?
The layer of light-sensitive cells at the back of the eye. The retina detects images focused by the cornea and the lens. The retina is connected to the brain by the optic nerve.
49
What is a reflex response?
An involutary, fast neural response to a situation.
50
What is the reflex arc?
The fixed neural pathway that controls the reflex response.
51
Examples of involutary reactions
Jumping at a loud noise, moving at an explosion, pulling your hand away from something hot or sharp.
52
Why is the reflex response important?
Helps us survive and enables us to react to potential danger extreamly quickly and without thinking. It also reduces the likelihood that the senario will cause us harm, minimising harm.
53
What is the endocrine system?
A system that regulates conditions; glands secrete hormones into the blood that targets specific organs. It works with the Nervous System to regulate body conditions like: metabolism, growth, reproduction, injuries, glucose.
54
What is a hormone?
A chemical substance produced by a gland that travels into the bloodstream to a specific organ.
55
What is a gland?
An organ/tissue that secretes hormones.
56
What is a recepter?
Specialised cells that detect changes in the environment (stimuli) and respond by stimulating electrical impulses.
57
Where does a hormone travel to to do what?
It travels to its target organ where they can bring an effect within the body. E.g the pancreas releases insulin to the liver to lower blood sugar levels.
58
How do hormones only bring effect to one specific organ?
The hormone has a specific binder that only matches with the specific organ it is meant for.
59
What are the six main glands?
Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries (female), testes (male).
60
Where is the pituitary gland located?
In the brain
61
Where is the thyroid gland located?
In the throat.
62
Where is the pancreas located?
middle of torso
63
Where is the adrenal gland located?
The top of both kidneys
64
What does the pituitary gland do?
Is the 'master gland' and controls most of the endocrine system. It stimulates the other glands to release their hormones
65
What does the thyroid do?
Controls the metabolic rate of the body and secretes the hormone thyroxine.
66
What does the pancreas do?
Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood.
67
What does the adrenal gland do?
Secretes the hormone adrenaline during stressful times for the flight or fight response.
68
What does the ovaries do?
Female sex organ that secretes oestrogen.
69
What does the testes do?
Male sex organ that secretes testosterone.
70
What is the hypothalmus?
A structure in the brain that is constantly checking the body's internal environment such as temp, pH, glucose, blood pressure... If it detects anything unusual it sends this information to the pituitary gland.
71
What is homeostasis?
The regulation of the internal conditions to maintain optimum conditions for enzyme action and all cell functions.
72
What is respiration?
a chemical in living organsims that releases energy from glucose.
73
What is insulin?
A hormone secreted by the pancreas to low blood sugar.
74
What is glucose?
a sugar that travels in the blood and is supplied to cells for respiration.
75
What is glycogen?
a stored form of glucose found in liver and muscle cells.
76
What is glucagon?
a hormone secreted by the pancreas that is send to the liver to release the stored glycogen and turn it into glucose to raise blood sugar levels.
77
What is aerobic respiration?
A chemical reaction that releases energy and is a vital process that keeps organs alive. It occurs in the mitochonria.
78
What is a disease?
A persistant deviation from a persons normal appearance, body function or behaviour.
78
What is communicable disease?
A disease caused by a pathogen that can be spread from person to person through direct or indirect contact.
79
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that cannot be spread from person to person.
80
What is a pathogen?
A virus, bacterium, funi, protists or other microorganisms that cause diseases. - not all microorganisms cause diseases.
81
What are non-communicable often linked with?
Lifestyle factors and genetic such as cells, food, exercise, smoking and asthma.
82
Where did a lot of human pathogens originate?
Animals. HIV from primates, ebola from bats.
83
What is Epidemiology?
The study of a disease.
84
What is bacteria?
A unicellular (composed of one cell) microoganism. Microorganisms can only be seen with a microscope.
85
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a reactions like digestion.
86
What does unicellular mean?
Uni - one Cellular - made of cells
87
What does microorganism mean?
Micro - very small Organism - living thing
88
What are bacteria comprised of?
A cell wall and DNA stored in their cytoplasm
89
What is gut flora?
Millions of bacteria present in the digestive system such as th stomach and intestines. These bacteria aren't harmful, but onstead help us to digest our food.
90
What do bacteria make?
Extra enzymes and vitamin K. We can't produce these so we need bacteria to.
91
What kills gut flora?
Anitbiotics, being sick or having a poor diet. This means some of our food can't be digested and can lead to pain and diarrhea.
92
What is acellular?
Means non-living. Some acellular pathogens/diseases are viruses and prion.
93
How do viruses work?
They invade to body and fins a host cell. They can then reproduce inside that cell to make thousands of copies of themself. The hot cell is then destryed and the viruses are released into the body.
94
Bacteria description
Single celled organism without nucleus.
95
Virus description
Thread-like parasite that reproduce by taking over a living cell.
96
Fungi description
Simple organism, including mushrooms and yeasts that grow as a single cell or thread like filaments.
97
Protozoa description
Single celled organsism with nucleus
98
How can you get contaminated with diseases?
food and water, breathing in, cuts and wounds, sexual contact
99
How many likes of defence does the body have?
Three
100
What are the lines of defence?
Defences against diseases or pathogens. Everyone has them and they work together to help prevent disease taking over the body. They works sometime and sometimes they don't.
101
What is the third line of defence?
A very specific line of defence that is complex and adapted to the specific type of pathogen it is fighting off. Normally takes a few weeks to mount its defence plan. Develops antibodies, specific proteins in the blood to fight the pathogen. Develops memory of the pathogen for further infections.
101
What is the second line fo defence?
More complex and involved that the first. Incorporates cells and chemicals to stop the pathogens reproduction. Things in the second line fo defence: inflammation, fever, white blood cells such as phagocytes, neutrophils and macrophages.
101
What is the first line of defence?
The barriers and chemical secretions our body has: skin, tears, mucus, stomach acid, gut flora, ear wax and saliva. They attempt to prevent pathogens from enteringt he body.
102
What is a vaccine?
A modified version of the disease it is trying to prevent. The disease may be weakened or dead so that the body can learn to fight it off before it gets infected with the dangerous verson of the disease. They are designed to give life-long immunity.
103
What is an allergy?
An unnecessary over-reaction of the immune system. The body randomly decides it doesn't like something allergen and responds as if it was a pathogen.
104
Immunity definition
the ability to resist a particular infection
104
Vaccination definition.
treatement with a vaccine to produce life-long immunity to a diseae.
104
booster definition
an additional dose of a vaccine needed periodically to 'boost' the immune system.
105
Immunisation definition
a process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination.
106
What is the difference between immunistation and vaccination?
Vaccination is the act of receiving a vaccine, while immunisation is the broader process of becoming immune to a disease after receiving a vaccine.

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