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Biology Test 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What led to the discovery of cells?

A

The invention of the microscope.

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2
Q

What are the two broad groups of cell types?

A

Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

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3
Q

What does the cell theory summarize?

A

The cell theory summarizes three principles about cells.

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4
Q

What does the plasma membrane help to maintain?

A

The plasma membrane helps to maintain a cell’s homeostasis.

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5
Q

What property of the plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell?

A

Selective permeability.

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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

A

Two layers of phospholipid molecules.

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7
Q

What aids the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol and transport proteins.

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8
Q

What model describes the plasma membrane?

A

The fluid mosaic model.

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9
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain that allows for specialization and separation of functions?

A

Membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes.

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11
Q

What are the powerhouses of cells?

A

Mitochondria.

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12
Q

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant and animal cells contain many of the same organelles, but some are unique to either plant cells or animal cells.

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13
Q

How do cells maintain homeostasis?

A

Using passive and active transport.

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14
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Back: Concentration, temperature, and pressure.

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15
Q

What processes move large molecules into and out of the cell?

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis.

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16
Q

What are the types of solutions cells must maintain homeostasis in?

A

Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.

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17
Q

Cell:

A

The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms.

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18
Q

Cell Theory:

A

A fundamental theory in biology stating that all living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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19
Q

Plasma Membrane:

A

The semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Cell:

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

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21
Q

Nucleus

A

The membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s genetic material.

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22
Q

Prokaryotic Cell

A

A cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

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23
Q

Organelle:

A

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

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24
Q

Selective Permeability:

A

The property of the plasma membrane that allows it to control which substances enter and leave the cell.

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25
Phospholipid Bilayer:
A double layer of phospholipids that makes up the plasma membrane, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
26
Transport Protein:
Proteins in the plasma membrane that help move substances across the membrane.
27
Fluid Mosaic Model:
The model that describes the plasma membrane as a dynamic and flexible structure with various proteins floating in or on the fluid lipid bilayer.
28
Cytoplasm:
The jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane that contains all organelles and cell parts.
29
Cytoskeleton:
A network of protein fibers and tubules in the cytoplasm that provides structural support and shape to the cell.
30
Nucleolus:
The dense, spherical structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs.
31
Endoplasmic Reticulum:
A network of membranes within the cell that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis. It comes in two forms: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (without ribosomes).
31
Ribosome:
The cellular structure where protein synthesis occurs.
32
Golgi Apparatus:
An organelle involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
33
Vacuole:
A membrane-bound organelle that stores nutrients, waste products, and helps maintain turgor pressure in plant cells.
34
Centriole:
A cylindrical organelle involved in cell division in animal cells.
35
Lysosome:
An organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris.
36
Chloroplast:
The organelle in plant cells that conducts photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.
37
Mitochondrion:
The organelle that produces ATP, the cell's main energy currency, through cellular respiration.
38
Cell Wall:
A rigid outer layer of a plant cell that provides structural support and protection.
39
Cilium:
A short, hair-like projection from the cell surface that helps in movement and sensing the environment.
40
Flagellum:
A long, whip-like structure that enables a cell to move.
41
Diffusion:
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
42
Facilitated Diffusion:
The process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions via specific transmembrane integral proteins.
43
Active Transport:
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.
43
Osmosis:
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
44
Hypertonic Solution:
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the inside of the cell, causing the cell to lose water.
45
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek "Father of Microspy"
Discovery- Small organisms-"animolecules" + bacteria in 1673-1676.
46
Robert Hooke "English Father of Microscopy"
Discovery- Observed tree cork and coined the terms cells, he called what he observed "tiny rooms in 1665.
47
Matthias Schleiden "German Botanist"
All plants are made of cells, in 1838.
48
Theodore Schwann "German zoologist"
Discovery- all animals are made of cells, in 1839.
49
Rudolph Virchow "Father of Pathology"
Discovery- all living cells come from other living cells, in 1855.
50
The Cell is the basic unit of
organization of living things.
51
All living things are composed of
1 or more cells.
52
All cells come from
pre-existing cells.
53
Cells the building blocks of all
living things.
54
Prokaryotic cells have
1. Single cells- unicellular. 2. Contain circular DNA, DNA floats around in the center of cell. 3. Ribosomes 4. Cell membranes
55
Eukaryotic cells have
1. Complex, larger cells, most are multi celled. 2. Have a nucleus, with Dna is enclosed inside the nucleus. 3. Have membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria, chlorplast.
56
What are made of eukaryotic cells?
protists, amoeba, paramecium, fungi, plants, animals.
57
What are organelles
"tiny organs" inside, cells; each with their own function to help the organism survive.
58
Why are some organelles called "Membranes-bound organelles? Which organelles?
Some organelles have a protective layer around them.
59
All cells have
a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material, and ribosomes.
60
Where is the DNA found in the plant cell?
Nucleus and Chloroplast
61
Evolution of the Eurkaryotic Cell: Where is the DNA found in an animal cell:
Nucleus and Mitochondria
62
When did the first prokaryotic cell evolve
3.6 billion years ago.
63
Some of the bacteria were
aerobic meaning they did not use oxygen to make energy.
64
Aerobic
did not oxygen to make energy.
65
Other bacteria were called cyanobacteria
and were able to photosynthesize.
66
The theory states that aerobic prokaryoytes and cyanobacteria were
engulfed by larger cells.
67
Eukaryotic cells evolved about
2 billion years ago.
68
The larger host cell benefited from the new way of
transforming and the bacteria benefited from the host.
69
The DNA is mitochondria and chloroplast is unique to
that of the host cells nuclear DNA.
70
This unique DNA resembles more closely that of
Prokaryotic DNA.
70
When the host cell divides the mitochondria and chloroplasts must
also divide, but by using thier unique DNA as a template.
71
Mitochondria reproduce the same way that
prokaryotic cells do through "Binary Fission"
72
DNA is
circular like prokaryotes.

Biology (6 decks)

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