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Biology unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cellular differentiation

A

The process where a cell can express certain gene to produce protein characteristics

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2
Q

What are stem cells needed for

A

Growth and repair

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3
Q

How does a tumour form

A

When cells divide uncontrollably and do not respond to regulatory signals

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4
Q

Why are stem cells used in labs

A

To test for drug’s effectiveness and safety.

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4
Q

Examples of stem cells used

A

Skin grafts, arthritis, blindness, deafness

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4
Q

Two types of stem cells

A

Tissue and embryonic

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5
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Pluripotent

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6
Q

What are tissue stem cells

A

Multipotent

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7
Q

What are germline cells

A

Gametes (sex cells) divide by mitosis and meiosis

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8
Q

How many daughter cells do mitosis and meiosis produce

A

Mitosis = 2 meiosis = 4

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9
Q

What’s a stomatic cell

A

All cells in the body apart from sex cells and only did die by mitosis

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10
Q

What is PCR

A

Technique to amplify a section of DNA

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11
Q

What is PCR used for

A

Criminal investigation
Paternity test
Diagnose genetic disorders

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12
Q

Stage 1 of PCR

A

DNA heaters to around 92-98 degrees to denature dna and unwind strands

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13
Q

Stage 2 of PCR

A

DNA cooled to around 50-65 degrees to allow primers to bind to target sequence

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14
Q

Stage 3 of PCR

A

Complementary primers added and heated again to 70-80 degrees to replicate dna

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15
Q

What’s the base pairings

A

Adenine & Thynine
Guynine & cytosine

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16
Q

Describe the leading stand

A

Continuously, nucleotide added to 5’ cause polymers can only by added in the 5’-3’ direction

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17
Q

Describe the lagging strand

A

Fractions. Fragments are sealed together by an enzyme called ligase

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18
Q

What end do primers bind to

A

3’

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19
Q

What do the order of the bases control

A

The order of amino acids which produce a particular protein

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20
Q

What do a nucleotide consist of

A

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, base

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21
Q

What are bases held together by

A

Hydrogen bonds

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22
Q

what does RNA polymerse do

A

moves along the DNA unwinding the strand

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23
which binds break which allow the unzipping of the double helix
hydrogen bonds
24
what do RNA polymerse do after unwinding the strand
synthesises a primary transcript of mRNA
25
where do the mRNA travel through and where does it attach
travels through cytoplasm and attaches to ribosome
26
what does a carrier molecule do
brings specific amino acids to add to chain of proteins
27
what forms between amino acids and what does it form all together
peptide bonds and forms polypeptide
27
what makes a complementary base pairings
anti-codon and codon
27
what's the coding region and what's the non-coding regions
coding = exons non-coding = introns
28
what is a metabolic pathway
controlled reaction that happens within a cell
28
why are enzymes able to bind to their substrates
because of an active site
28
what can control a metabolic pathway
the presence or abundance of a particular enzyme
29
when does induce fit occur
when the active site is changed to better fit the substrate
30
describe high affinity
the active site is attracted to the substrate aswell as being specific.
30
describe competitive inhibition
binds to active site. stops substrate from binding. competes with substrate.
31
describe non competitive inhibition
does not bind to active site but binds to different part of enzyme. changes hape of active site
32
describe anabolic reaction
requires energy, build up reaction.
33
describe catabolic reaction
releases energy. break down reaction.
33
another name for anabolic reaction
biosynthesis
33
another name for a catabolic reaction
degradation
34
what is glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose and 2 pyruvate
35
during glycolysis what is produced when hydrogen ions passed to the coenzyme NAD
NADH
36
what happens during vigorous exercise when oxygen is not available
pyruvate undergoes fermentation in cytoplasm
36
what produces lactate
when hydrogen ions are transferred from NAD to pyruvate.
37
why is NAD needed
NAD is needed to maintain ATP production through glycolysis
38
what creates oxygen debt
build up of lactate
39
whats the 2 types of skeletal muscles fibres
slow and fast twitch
39
how do you repay oxygen debt
by taking in the amount of oxygen required to remove lactate
40
slow and fast twitch activities
slow = long distance run fast = sprinting
41
fast and slow twitch - how do they generate ATP
slow = aerobic respiration fast = glycolysis only
41
what is phosphorylation
adding a phosphate
42
describe glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose to 2 pyruvate that does not require oxygen
43
what is dehydrogenase
hydrogen ions and electrons removed. NAD into NADH
43
what happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available
fermentation
44
what happens at the start of the citric acid cycle
pyruvate enters and carbon dioxide is removed
45
what does the removal of carbon dioxide form
acetyl group
46
what does acetyl coenzyme A combine with and what does this form
it combines with oxaloacetate and forms citric
47
what stage produce the most ATP
electron transport chain
47
what releases hydrogen ions and electrons into the electron transport chain
NADH
48
what do ions flow back across membrane in the electron transport chain
ATP synthase
49
what is the final hydrogen ion and electron acceptor
oxygen
49
in the electron transport chain what does oxygen combined with hydrogen ions and electron form
water
50
where does the citric acid cycle occur
matrix of mitochondria
50
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
51
where does the electron transport chain occur
inner membrane of mitochondria
52
what are the single gene mutations
substitution deletion and insertion
52
describe a missense mutations
changes codon so different amino acid may result in changes shape cant function
53
describe a nonsense mutation
early stop codon shorter protein cant function
54
describe a splice site mutation
prevents splicing very different protein is made effects exons and introns
54
what's the chromosome structure mutation
deletion translocation inversion duplication
55
what's deletion mutation
section of chromosome is removed
55
what's translocation mutation
section of chromosome is added to another that's not its humongous partner
56
what's inversion mutation
section of chromosome is reversed
57
what's duplication mutation
section of chromosome is added from its homologous partner

Highers (3 decks)

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