biology unit 2

Question 1

wheres the site of male gamete production

Answer 1

testies

Question 2

what’s the male gamete called

Answer 2

sperm

Question 3

what does sperm need to maintain in order to swim

Answer 3

mobility and viability

Question 4

where is sperm produced

Answer 4

seminiferous tubes

Question 5

what is the female gamete called

Answer 5

egg or ova

Question 5

what is a follicle

Answer 5

fluid filled sac which protects the egg

Question 6

what does FSH promote and where abouts

Answer 6

sperm production in the seminiferous tubes

Question 7

what does ICSH stimulate

Answer 7

interstitial cells to release testosterone

Question 7

what happens on day 1 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 7

bleeding starts. caused by loss of lining in uterus

Question 8

what happens on day 5 of the menstrual cycle

Answer 8

bleeding stops. lining of uterus begins to regrow and egg starts to mature

Question 9

what happens of day 14 of the mensural cycle

Answer 9

matured egg is released. ovulation starts . egg travels through oviduct

Question 10

how long is a typical mensural cycle

Answer 10

28 days

Question 11

describe onset puberty

Answer 11

hypothalamus gland in brain begins to secrete a releaser hormone which targets the pituitary gland.

Question 11

1 reason for IVF

Answer 11

blocked oviducts

Question 12

stage 1 of IVF

Answer 12

mum is given FSH & LH to stimulate several eggs maturing

Question 12

stage 2 of IVF

Answer 12

eggs collected and fertilsed by sperm in a culture dish

Question 13

stage 3 of IVF

Answer 13

fertilised eggs are incubates until they develop into embryos

Question 13

stage 4 of IVF

Answer 13

they are tiny balls and 1 or 2 are inserted into mums womb

Question 14

describe PGD

Answer 14

PGD is when 1 or both parents are at risk of passing on serious genetic diseases to their children. check for single gene disorders

Question 15

what is the mini pill

Answer 15

progesterone only pill that thickens the cervical mucus

Question 15

whats the pill

Answer 15

mixture of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the production of FSH

Question 15

describe artificial insemination

Answer 15

when a sample of sperm is treated. a concentrated sample of healthy sperm is passed through a catheter into uterus

Question 16

when may artificial insemination be used

Answer 16

is a man sperm is sterile or low sperm count

Question 16

describe ICSI

Answer 16

the head of sperm is drawn into a needle and inserted directly into egg

Question 17

what is the 2 types of diagnostic testing

Answer 17

CVS and amniocentesis

Question 17

why may ICSI be given

Answer 17

mans sperm count is low

Question 18

describe amniocentesis

Answer 18

small amount of amniotic fluid is used to check for genetic disorders

Question 19

describe CVS

Answer 19

cells from mums placenta is tested for genetic disorders

Question 19

what risk is there during diagnostic testing

Answer 19

risk of miscarriage especially in CVS

Question 20

what is a karyotype

Answer 20

cultured cells from diagnostic testing produce an immediate karyotype

Question 20

when is amniocentesis and CVS carried out in pregnancy

Answer 20

amniocentesis = 14-16 weeks CVS = 8 weeks

Question 21

whats the 2 ultrasound imaging

Answer 21

dating scan anomaly scan

Question 22

when are dating scan and anomaly scans taken

Answer 22

dating = 8-14 weeks anomaly = 18-20 weeks

Question 22

what does the anomaly scan detect

Answer 22

serious physical abnormalaties

Question 23

whats the dating scan

Answer 23

tells you the stage of pregnancy and due date

Question 24

whast blood and urine tests

Answer 24

monitor marker chemicals and can identify possible conditions

Question 25

risk of measuring marker chemical

Answer 25

measured at wrong time can lead to a false positive

Question 26

what is PKU

Answer 26

when the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine is non-functional

Question 27

how can PKU be treated

Answer 27

avoid foods high in protein

Question 28

what is autosomal recessive

Answer 28

2 recessive alleles. skips a generation

Question 28

what is autosomal dominant

Answer 28

1 dominant allele. both genders

Question 29

how thick are capillaries walls

Answer 29

1 cell thick

Question 29

artery and vein directions of blood

Answer 29

artery = away from heart vein = into heart

Question 29

artery and vein blood pressure

Answer 29

artery = high blood pressure vein = low blood pressure

Question 30

artery and vein lumen

Answer 30

artery = narrow lumen vein = wide lumen

Question 31

artery and vein type of blood

Answer 31

artery = oxygenated blood vein = deoxygenated blood

Question 32

why do veins have valves

Answer 32

to prevent backflow

Question 33

what does tissue fluid provide cells with

Answer 33

glucose and oxygen and removes waste products

Question 34

what happens to excess tissue fluid

Answer 34

its observed by lymphatic vessel and returned as lymph

Question 34

what side of heart is oxygenated and deoxygenated

Answer 34

right side = deoxygenated to lungs left side = oxygenated around body

Question 35

whats systole and diastole

Answer 35

systole = contraction diastole = relaxation

Question 36

whats atrial & ventricular diastole

Answer 36

chambers relaxed and filling with blood

Question 37

whats atrial systole

Answer 37

atria contracting and remaining blood is pushed to ventricles

Question 38

whats ventricular systole

Answer 38

ventricles contract ad push blood out through aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 39

wheres the SAN

Answer 39

top right atrium

Question 40

wheres the AVN

Answer 40

lower right atrium

Question 41

what does the SAN do

Answer 41

sends electrical impulses. causes atrial systole

Question 42

what does the AVN cause

Answer 42

causes ventricular systole

Question 43

what are the 2 antagonistic nerves

Answer 43

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 44

whats sympathetic nerve pathway

Answer 44

releases noradrenaline which increases heartrate

Question 44

whats noradrenaline nerve pathway

Answer 44

releases acetylcholine which decreases heartrate

Question 45

what's high blood pressure also known as

Answer 45

hypertension

Question 46

what's an atheroma

Answer 46

degeneration of arteries walls

Question 47

as atheroma builds up what 3 things happens

Answer 47

artery loses elasticity restricts blood flow increases blood pressure

Question 48

what can an atherosclerosis lead to

Answer 48

stroke or heart attack

Question 49

if an atheroma ruptures what can it damage?

Answer 49

the endothelium

Question 50

what is a thrombosis

Answer 50

formation of a blood clot

Question 51

what is a thrombus

Answer 51

a blood clot

Question 52

what is an embolus

Answer 52

if a thrombus breaks it creates an embolus which travels in bloodstream and can block a blood vessel

Question 53

what's stage 1 of blood clotting

Answer 53

damage to the endothelium releases clotting factors

Question 54

what's stage 2 of blood clotting

Answer 54

clotting factors converts enzyme prothrombin into thrombin

Question 55

what's stage 3 of blood clotting

Answer 55

thrombin causes plasma protein fibrinogen to form threads of thrombin

Question 56

what's stage 4 of blood clotting

Answer 56

fibrin threads mesh together clotting the blood and sealing the wound

Question 57

what's stage 5 of blood clotting

Answer 57

scar tissues form on this scaffold creating a clot

Question 58

why may pain be felt in the legs (DVT)

Answer 58

lack of oxygen reaching the muscles

Question 58

what is peripheral vascular disease caused by

Answer 58

narrowing of the arteries not connected to the brain or heart

Question 59

what is a lipid

Answer 59

fat or oil composed of fatty acids

Question 60

where is 25% of cholesterol produced

Answer 60

liver

Question 61

name the 2 cholesterol carrying proteins

Answer 61

HDL & LDL

Question 62

what is HDL

Answer 62

excess cholesterol from rest of body to liver. good

Question 63

what is LDL

Answer 63

cholesterol from liver to rest of body. bad

Question 64

what will a higher ratio of HDL to LDL result in

Answer 64

lower blood cholesterol. lower chances of atherosclerosis

Question 65

what are statins

Answer 65

prescribed drugs which can reduce blood cholesterol levels

Question 66

what is insulin

Answer 66

a hormone produced by the pancreases

Question 66

what happens if blood glucose concentration is too high

Answer 66

pancreases produces insulin

Question 67

where is excess glucose stored

Answer 67

inside cells

Question 68

what do liver and muscle cells convert excess glucose to

Answer 68

glycogen

Question 69

what does the pancreases produce if blood glucose is too low

Answer 69

glucagon

Question 70

what does glucagon do

Answer 70

instructs the liver to breakdown some stored glycogen into glucose

Question 71

what do receptors do if blood glucose gets too high

Answer 71

increase the production of insulin that glucose can move from blood into cells

Question 72

where's adrenaline produced

Answer 72

adrenal gland

Question 73

when do you get type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 73

type 1 = young age type 2 = older age

Question 74

how to control type 1 diabetes

Answer 74

injecting insulin

Question 75

type 1 and 2 diabetes receptors

Answer 75

type 1 = normal number of receptors type 2 = decreased number of receptors

Question 76

what cant people with type 1 diabetes do

Answer 76

fail to produce enough insulin

Question 77

what can people with type 2 diabetes do

Answer 77

body cells no longer respond to insulin production

Question 78

how can you diagnose diabetes

Answer 78

glucose tolerance test