Biology Unit 2 AOS1 SAC

Question 1

sexual reproduction:

Answer 1

fusion of gametes from two different parents.

Question 2

biological advantages of SEXUAL reproduction

Answer 2

• offspring have a great deal of variation
• high chance of individuals having a beneficial trait if environment changes.
• due to different phenotypes being present in the offspring there is likely to be less competition for resources.

Question 3

biological disadvantages of SEXUAL reproduction

Answer 3

• considerable amounts of energy must be expended on the efforts to find and establish a mate.
• Only half of the parents genetic material ends up with the offspring.

Question 4

zygote

Answer 4

a single cell formed from the fusion of gametes from two different parents

Question 5

production of gametes

Answer 5

gametes are produced my meiosis - show considerable variation even from the one individual

Question 6

asexual reproduction

Answer 6

occurs when only one individual gives rise to the next generation. usually offspring is identical to the parent and each other. (clones)

Question 7

asexual reproduction examples

Answer 7

• binary fission
• budding
• spores
• vegetative reproduction
• fragmentation

Question 8

biological advantages of ASEXUAL reproduction

Answer 8

• energy efficient
• no need to find a mate
• offspring are genetically identical to the parent-
• many offspring can be produced in a very short period of time

Question 9

biological disadvantages of ASEXUAL reproduction

Answer 9

• offspring are genetically identical to the parent so if the environment changes and one individual is susceptible to the change, then all are.
• Mutations cannot be guaranteed to produce beneficial variation- most are harmful
• large numbers of offspring may result in fierce competition between them.

Question 10

cloning

Answer 10

producing genetically identical copies of an individual organism.

Question 11

two main forms of cloning in animals

Answer 11

• nuclear transfer
• embryo splitting

Question 12

nuclear transfer

Answer 12

many problems
offspring
-offspring age very quickly and have many abnormalities
- aren’t identical because the mitochondria are from the egg donor.

Question 13

embryo splitting

Answer 13

egg is fertilized using IVF. (procedure used to help get pregnant)
- zygote is allowed to divide
- the coat that stimulated the cell to divide is removed
- the cells are separated, and an artificial coat is placed around each of the separated cells.
- These cells divide and the bundles are implanted into different surrogate mothers.

Question 14

adaptations

Answer 14

any characteristic of a living thing which helps it to survive and reproduce in its environment.
- can be structural, behavioral or physiological

Question 15

structural

Answer 15

physical features or anatomical traits that help an organism survive in its environment

Question 16

structural example

Answer 16

camouflage in animals like chameleons or polar bears.

Question 17

structural- how chameleons avoid predators

Answer 17

has specialized pigment producing structures

Question 18

physiological

Answer 18

internal body processes or functions that enhance survival or reproduction

Question 19

physiological example

Answer 19

sweating or panting to regulate body temperature

Question 20

physiological- how chameleons avoid predators

Answer 20

can produce different types/amounts of pigment to change color

Question 21

behavioral

Answer 21

actions or patterns of behavior that organisms develop to survive and reproduce

Question 22

behavioral example

Answer 22

migration of birds to warmer regions during winter

Question 23

behavioral- how chameleons avoid predators

Answer 23

stays still when in danger

Question 24

symbiosis

Answer 24

close relationship between two species

Question 25

four main types of symbiosis

Answer 25

- parasitism - mutualism - commensalism - amensalism

Question 26

parasitism

Answer 26

one species benefits and the other is harmed - a parasite often lives on or in its host - host is harmed by the relationship

Question 27

mutualism

Answer 27

both species benefit

Question 28

commensalism

Answer 28

one species benefit and the other neither benefit or is harmed

Question 29

amensalism

Answer 29

one species is harmed and the other neither benefit nor is harmed - occurs because one species produces a chemical which harms the other species but the organism producing the chemical is not benefitted by the harm to the second species.

Question 30

competition

Answer 30

a relationship where two organisms require the same resources -intraspecific and interspecific

Question 31

intraspecific

Answer 31

within species

Question 32

interspecific

Answer 32

between species

Question 33

abundance

Answer 33

the number of organisms of a particular species some ecosystems have a lower abundance but higher species richness

Question 34

predator-prey

Answer 34

the predator kills and eats the prey

Question 35

distribution

Answer 35

how the members of a species are spread through a particular area - uniform, random, clumped

Question 36

density

Answer 36

the number of individuals per unit area.

Question 37

keystone species

Answer 37

a species with a dramatically large effect on an ecosystem relative to its abundance

Question 38

aboriginal and torres strait islanders knowledge:

Answer 38

- location of animal's habitats - food webs of an ecosystem - seasonal patterns of movement - nesting and breeding locations - density and distributions of populations.

Question 39

what aboriginal and torres strait islanders get from understanding the ecosystem

Answer 39

- harvest plants and animals in a sustainable manner - on going supply for themselves - conservation of the species