Biology Unit 3

Question 1

component of the central nervous system

Answer 1

Brain -spinal cord

Question 2

Somatic nervous system

Answer 2

Controls voluntary activities and is brought about by skeletal muscles

Question 3

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

Controls involuntary activities and is brought about by smooth muscle

Question 4

Describe the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic muscle fibres

Answer 4

They are antagonistic

Question 5

What are the sympathetic actions

Answer 5

Increase heart rate and breathing -decreases peristalsis

Question 6

What are parasympathetic actions

Answer 6

Decrease heart rate and breathing- increase peristalsis

Question 7

What 2 neurons are present in the somatic nervous system

Answer 7

Motor and sensory neurons

Question 8

What is the function of the cerebral cortex

Answer 8

Conscious thought and memory

Question 9

What is the region of the cerebral cortex that receives neuron impulses from sensory organs

Answer 9

Motor area

Question 10

What is the function of the motor area of the cerebral cortex

Answer 10

Sends nerve impulses to muscles and glands

Question 11

What is the function of the corpus callosum

Answer 11

Transport information from the cerebral hemispheres

Question 12

What is sensory memory

Answer 12

All the visual and auditory information that enters the brain

Question 13

what happens to information entering short term memory

Answer 13

Stores information for a short period of time process and data to limited extent -information can be displaced

Question 14

2 characteristics of short term memory

Answer 14

limited capacity and proof by chunking

Question 15

what is chunking

Answer 15

Combining pieces of information interrelated groups

Question 16

what is the serial position effect

Answer 16

objects early in the sequence or recalled object at the end of the sequence

Question 17

3 methods of encouraging the transfer of information to long term memory (roc)

Answer 17

rehearsal organisation collaboration

Question 18

what are contextual cues

Answer 18

contextual Cues related to the time and place of the original encoding

Question 19

what is the function of the myelin sheath

Answer 19

act as insulation and increases the speed of impulse conducting base allow low-level stimuli to be summated added together to cause impulses to be passed on

Question 20

what is summation

Answer 20

allow low level stimuli to be summoned to cause impulses to be passed on

Question 21

what’s the difference between an axon and a dendrite

Answer 21

axons carry nerve impulses away from cell bodies dendrites carry nerve impulses towards cell bodies

Question 22

whats the function of endorphins

Answer 22

Reduction of pain intensity euphoric feelings release sex hormones

Question 23

whats the function of dopamine

Answer 23

induces feelings of pleasure reinforces behaviour in the reward pathway

Question 24

what is the function of agonist drugs

Answer 24

bind to and stimulates receptors to mimic neurotransmitters so impulsive passed on

Question 25

2 way how neurotransmitters can be removed from the synapse cleft

Answer 25

by degradation by enzymes and by reabsorption reuptake by presynaptic membrane

Question 26

what's the difference between drug addiction and drug tolerance

Answer 26

sensitisation increase in neural receptors through exposure to antagonists Can lead to addiction the exposure to agonistic drugs can lead to tolerance

Question 27

what are non- specific defences

Answer 27

Defences are general to any all individual pathogens

Question 28

how does the epithelium provide a physical barrier against pathogens

Answer 28

epithelium can form a barrier which prevents entry of pathogens

Question 29

2 examples of secretions from epithelial cells that provide defences against pathogens

Answer 29

acid secreted by cells in the stomach epithelium enzymes secreted by cells in stomach epithelium muscle secreted from a cell in stomach tears

Question 30

Name the molecules released by phagocytes which attract other phagocytes to the site of infection

Answer 30

antigens

Question 31

Describe the role of cytokines in cellular defence

Answer 31

attract more phagocytes to the site of the infection base defence which is specific and response to a particular antigen and pathogen

Question 32

State what is meant by specific cellular defence

Answer 32

hey are proteins on the surface of pathogen which trigger an immune response

Question 33

describe the role of non-self antigens in the immune response

Answer 33

divide repeatedly to produce a cloned

Question 34

describe what happens to be late besides immediately after it binds with an antigen

Answer 34

hypersensitivity b lymphocytes response to a normal harmless antigen

Question 35

responses allergic response

Answer 35

immune system regulation feel your least a response of T lymphocytes to self antigens

Question 36

autoimmune response

Answer 36

long-term existence of memory cells following a primary exposure to antigen allow rapid greater immune response to secondary exposure the same antigen

Question 37

What is immunological memory

Answer 37

caused by HIV which attracts and destroyed t lymphocytes increases individuals of vulnerability to opportunistic defectors

Question 38

describe the cause and effect of AIDS on an individual's health

Answer 38

substances containing antigens that produce an immune response without symptoms of disease

Question 39

Describe what is meant by a vaccine

Answer 39

substance added to Vaccines to enhance the immune response

Question 40

explain the role of adjuvant in immunization

Answer 40

occurs when large percentage of population in immunized are immunised against infection important in reducing the spread of disease

Question 41

describe what is meant by herd immunity

Answer 41

occurs when a papa dim changes its antigens are memory cells are not effective against them

Question 42

describe what is meant by antigenic variation

Answer 42

scientifically planned experimental procedures to test a new drug is safe effective for licensed

Question 43

What is a clinical trial explain why it is good practice to create randomised groups in a clinical trial

Answer 43

to let the group and not biased towards a certain age gender of participants

Question 44

State why it is good practice to have as many participants as possible and clinical trial

Answer 44

to increase the reliability of data obtained reduce experimental hatters

Question 45

describe what is meant by Placebo-controlled trial

Answer 45

upper site is a blank which does not contain the drug under trial but is administered in the same way

Question 46

describe what is meant by double-blind trial

Answer 46

needed the participants northern doctors know which group of individuals has the vaccine