Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Biology Unit 4 > Flashcards

Biology Unit 4 Flashcards

(62 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Genetics is a branch of biology that studies

A

genetic materials of organisms and how traits are passed from one generation to the next through genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The genetic material of an organism is a material

A

That Carries genetic information and passes it from one generation to the next generation to perpetuate life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The genetic material in almost all organisms is_____and ______ is also a genetic material in some viruses like HIV, COVID -19

A

-DNA
-RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DNA ?

A

It’s the hereditary material in humans and other organisms. It exists in a double helix formed by base pairs attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

_____________are the basic building blocks of a DNA molecule

A

Nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Each nucleotide is composed of ? For RNA and DNA

A

Sugar
DNA- deoxyribose
RNA- ribose
Phosphate group - the same
Nitrogenous base
DNA - Adenine, Thymine , Guanine and Cytosine
RNA - Adenine, uracil , Guanine and Cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The nitrogen bases belong to the two large chemical families called

A
  • purine
  • pyramidine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ñame the two nitrogenous bases that are purine

A
  • Guanine
  • Adenine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ñame the nitrogenous bases that are pyrimidines

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine
  • uracil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines

A

Purines are two ringed while pyrimidines are single ringed
Purines are nine membered double rings while pyrimidines are six membered single rings
Purines are heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds while pyrimidines are just nitrogenous compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who discovered the double helix structure of a DNA molecule

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The nitrogenous bases form _________bonds to form ladder like structure

A

Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do the two strands of DNA run in opposite directions or in the same directions

A

They run in opposite directions
They show polarity (two ends are different)
The one is referred as 5’ end and the other is 3’ end.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Guanine pairs up with
Adenine pairs up with

A
  • cytosine
  • thymine , uracil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are genes

A

Sections of the DNA structure that contain the set of instructions that determine the characteristics of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Genes are found on ? They are transferred from parent to offspring through?

A
  • chromosomes
  • transferred durning cell division ( for both sexual and asexual)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are chromosomes

A

are threadlike structures made of a protein called histone and DNA molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How is a gene arrangements in a DNA and where is it found

A

-it’s arranged linearly along the length of each chromosome (like beads on a string)
- it’s found in its own unique position locus or loci( plural)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RNAs are made from DNA in the process of

A

Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does DNA replication is semi conservative mean

A

It means that each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. As a result ,Each new DNA molecule is a combination of one old and one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does DNA replication is semi conservative mean

A

It means that each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand. As a result ,Each new DNA molecule is a combination of one old and one new strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • it adds new nucleotides and links them together in the correct sequence using the template DNA strand
  • it adds nucleotides to the deoxyribose(3’) ended strand in a 5’ and 3’ direction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

RNA primase

A

Synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

DNA ligase

A

Glues two fragments of DNA together by a phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Topoismerase
Prevents super coiling at the region ahead of replication fork
26
What is replication fork
Is the point between newly separated strands and non separated strand
27
What is leading and lagging strand
Leading - is the new strand of DNA that is synesized in the Same direction as the growing replication fork Lagging -is the new strand of DNA that is synesized in the opposite direction as the growing replication fork
28
What is leading and lagging strand
Leading - is the new strand of DNA that is synesized in the Same direction as the growing replication fork Lagging -is the new strand of DNA that is synesized in the opposite direction as the growing replication fork
29
What are the steps of DNA replication
Stage one - the DNA is unwinded Stage two - New strands are made Stage three - twist to form a double helix
30
_______ is a Stage of interphase where the cells are quite active at a biochemical level
G1 ( the first gap )
31
At the g1 stage it prepares itself for DNA replication by accumulating
- the building blocks of chromosomal DNA - the associated proteins with DNA replication - sufficient energy reserves to complete the task
32
What happens durning the s phase
- it forms identical pairs of DNA molecules ( sister chromatids) - the Centro some duplicate and centrioles develop to organize cell division
33
What happens durning the G2 phase
- replishes ( refill) it’s okay mercy stores - synthesizes protiens nessary for chromosome manipulation - some cell organelles duplicate - the cytoskeleton disintergrates to provide resources for mitotic phase
34
Mitosis is the division of _________cells
- somatic
35
What is karyokinesis
It’s the process in cell division where the nucleus divides - prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase
36
What is cytokinesis
the physical separation of the cytoplasmic components into the two daughter cells
37
What happens in the prophase
- nuclear envelope dissociates into small vesicles - chromosomes become more condensed, discrete and visible through compound microscope - sister chromatids coil more tightly to form kinetochore - the kinetochore attracts and binds mitotic spindle microtubles - organelle such as the golgi complex or Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum fragments disperse toward the periphery of the cell
38
What happens durning metaphase
- All the chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate or the equatorial plane - The sister chromatids are still tightly attached to each other by cohesion proteins
39
What happens durning anaphase
-The sister chromatids are still tightly attached to each other by cohesion proteins
40
What happens durning telophase
- chromosomes begin to decondense (unravel) - the mitotic spindles are depolymerized - the nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes - nucleosides appear within the nuclear area
41
Meiosis is The division that produces
Sex cells (gametes )
42
Meiosis produces genetic variation through
A process of crossing over and independent assortment
43
Meiosis 1 is also called
Reduction division
44
What happens durning prophase 1
- nuclear envelope disintergrates - chromosomes begin to condense - spindle fiber appears - non sister chromatids of homologous chromosome form chiasmata( the point where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material)
45
What is a homologous chromosome
A diploid cell contains two copies of every chromosome, one derived from male gamete and the other from the female gamete. These pairs of chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes
46
What are sister chromatids
are the two chromatids of a replicated chromosome that are connected by the centromere
47
What are non sister chromatids
is one of the two chromatids of two homologous chromosomes
48
What happens durning prophase 2
- the chromosomes condense again into visible x shaped structures
49
DNA stores
Genetic information
50
What does mRNA do
It creates a complementary strand ( transcribes ) the DNA with the help of RNA polymerase
51
What does tRNA do
Brings an amino acid depending on the condon . The tRNA has complementary base pairs which are called anti condons
52
What does rRNA do
It makes up the ribosome
53
What are ribosomes
They are organelles that are found in the cytoplasm that translate mRNA into a protien . Basically they arrange the amino acids based on the mRNA
54
What is the central dogma
All processes of biological information flow
55
What is transcription
Is the process of making mRNA from DNA
56
A condon is a sequence of
Three nucleotides and four nitrogenous bases
57
What are stop condons and give examples
- stop the process of Protien synthesis - UGA, UAA and UAG
58
What are intitator ( start ) condons
- initiates protien synthesis - AUG
59
______ and _____ are also transcribed from DNA
- tRNA and rRNA
60
What happens durning transcription
- DNA separates - mRNA is formed - mRNA detaches from the DNA - mRNA leaves the nucleus to go out into the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes
61
What is translation
Is the process of protien syntheis from mRNA with the help of tRNA and rRNA
62
tRNA acts as an adapter that connects
The specific amino acid based on base complementarily

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions