Biology - Yr 9 EVERYTHING Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
what are examples of eukaryotic cells
A
animal & plant cells
fungi
protists
2
Q
what are examples of prokaryotic cells
A
bacteria
3
Q
what do eukaryotic cells include
A
nucleus
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane
vacuole
cell wall
mitochondria
4
Q
what do prokaryotic cells include?
A
bacterial DNA loop
ribosomes
cytoplasm
cell wall
cell membrane
plasmids
flagella
5
Q
what are the similarities between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell?
A
they have a
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
6
Q
what are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A
eukaryotic cells have
- nucleus - mitochondria - vacuole -chloroplast
prokaryotic cells have
- plasmids - bacterial DNA loop - smaller in size - flagella
7
Q
what’s the order of magnitude if the bigger number divided by the smaller number is less than 10
A
they are the same order of magnitude
8
Q
whats the order of magnitude if the bigger number is divided by the smaller number is around 10
A
then its 10 to the power of 1 or one order of magnitude
9
Q
what is the order of magnitdue if the bigger number divided by the smaller number is aroun 100
A
then its two order of magnitude
10
Q
what is the function of the nucleus
A
controls all activates in the cell
contains genes for making proteins for new cells
11
Q
what is the function of cytoplasm
A
its a liquid gel where the organelle are suspended
most chemical reactions occur here
12
Q
what is the function of mitochondria
A
structures in the cytoplasm
where aerobic respiration takes place and releases energy into the cell
13
Q
what is the function of ribosomes
A
where protein synthesis takes place
14
Q
what is the function of the cell membrane
A
controls the passage of substances (glucose) into the cell
15
Q
what is the function of chloroplast
A
founf in all green parts of a plant
there are green as they contain chlorophyll which absorbs light and makes food through photosynthesis
16
Q
what is the function of the vacuole
A
suspended in the cytoplasm
contains cell sap
it keeps the cell ridged to support the plant
17
Q
what is the function of the cell wall
A
provides support and protection for the plant
18
Q
what is the function of DNA loop
A
contains genetic material
19
Q
what is the function of plasmids
A
it has code for antibiotic resistance
20
Q
what is an object of a microscopy
A
the real object or sample you are looking at
21
Q
what is the image in microscopy
A
the image that we see when we look down a microscope
22
Q
what is magnification
A
how many times larger the image is than the object
23
Q
what’s the formula for magnification
A
magnification = image size over object size
24
Q
what is the term resolution
A
The ability to distinguish between two separate points that are close together
25
what is differentiation
the process in which cells become specialised
26
how does differentiation work
by undergoing mitosis
zygotes divided to multiply in mitosis
27
what may differentiation involve
changing the shape and structure of the cell as well as the organelle it contains
28
what are the stages of differentitation
early cell
cell division
cell differentiation
cell specialisation
mature cell
29
what happens in stage one of differentiation
early cell the cell is unspecialised
30
what happens in stage two of differentiation
cell division - creates cells that are needed
31
what happens in stage three of dofferentiation
cell differentiation - multiple cells are produced
32
what happens in stage 4 of differentiation
cell specialisation - cells with subcellular structure
33
explain differentiation in animal cells
animal cells differntiatie at an early cell
in mature cells, cell division, is mainly restricted to repaired and replacement
some divide by mitosis but only form the same type of cell
34
explain differentiation in plants
they differentiate through their life
differentiation can reverse so the plants can re differentiate into a different plant so plants can be cloned easily
35
where does growth occur in plants
in the meristem and mitosis takes place continuously
36
where are meristems found
root meristems
shoot apical meristems
lateral meristems
37
name the similarities of an animal and plant cell
they contain a nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
ribosomes
mitochondria
38
name the differences between animal and plant cells
plant cells contain a permanent vacuole
cell wall
chloroplast
39
what is the function of a nerve cell
to carry electrical impulses from one place to another
40
what is the adaptation of a nerve cell
covered with a fatty sheath which insulates the cell
41
what is the function of a muscle cell
contract and relax to pup blood around our bodies
42
what is the adaptation of a muscle cell
to contract and relax
43
what is the function of a sperm cell
to transport gentetic information to fertilise eggs
44
what is the adaptation of a sperm cell
have a long tail and lots of mitochondria so it can swim and find the egg cell
45
what is the function of the egg cell
to join with the sperm cell during fertilisation to form an embryo
46
what is the adaptation of an egg cell
egg cells contain nucleus for growth of the early embryo
47
what are the function of the red blood cell
to carry oxygen around the body
48
what is the adaptation of the red blood cell
doesn't carry a nucleus allowing it to carry more oxygen
49
what is the function of the xylem cell
found in the root stems and leaves of the plant
transports water and minerals across the plant
50
what is the adaptation of the xylem cell
contains no nucleus to allow more room for movement
also has thick walls to strengthen with lignin
51
what is the function of the phloem cell
tubes used to transport dissolved sugars and amino acids from the leaves to the rest of the plant
52
what is the function of the root hair cell
to absorb water and minerals for the plant
53
what is the adaptation of the root hair cell
thin cell wall makes it east for minerals to pass through
has a large surface are which helps to absorb water and mineral
54
what is a chromosone
long strands of DNA molecules
55
how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have
23
56
why is important for mitosis to occur
new cells are needed for growth, repair and replacement for damaged cells
development
during sexual reproduction
57
what is the cell cycle
events that take place as a cell grows and divides
58
what is stage one of the cell cycle
the cell grows bigger and increases in mass
DNA duplicates
sub cellular structures increase e.g mitochondria and ribosomes
59
what is stage 2 of the cell cycle
cell fibres pull the chromosomes part
chromosomes go to the opposite ends of the cell
the nucleus divides
60
what is stage 3 of the cell cycle
cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical daughter cells
61
give an advantage of an embryonic stem cell
they can differentiate into any type of cell
62
give an disadvantage of embryonic stem cell
ethical issues of using embryos unborn people
63
where are embryonic stem cell found
in the embryo and removed at 4-5 days old
64
where are adult stem cells found
the bone marrow
65
what are advantages of adult stem cells
tissues can be created from them and wont be rejected
66
what are the disadvantages of adult stem cells
there is a limit to what they can differentiate into
67
why is being able to clone plant cells helpful
they produce a large number of plants to cell
save rare plant species from extinction
produce large number of identical crops with special features
68
name the stem cell treatments for disease
type one diabetes - produces insulin
paralysis - create nerve cells to restore movement
blindness - transplantation of embryonic stem cells has been used to treat blindness as a result of molecular degeneration
69
what is therapeutic cloning
transfer of nucleus from a cell of the patient to an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed
70
what are the disadvantages of therapeutic cloning
risk of transfer of viral infection making the patient sicker
ethical reasons - someone's DNA shouldn't be in another person
71
what is umbilical cord stem cell
source of stem cells that are formed from the placenta after a child is born
72
what can umbilical cord stem cells used to treat
blood cell caner - leukaemia
when blood cell have been destroyed during chemotherapy
73
what are the clinical issues for using stem cells
no guarantee the success of the therapies
difficulty of finding doners
74
what are the social issues for using stem cells
patients can be exploited by paying expensive treatments and be given false hope
75
what are the ethical issues behind using stem cells
embryos are viewed as a commodity and not something that can become a person
therapeutic cloning creates embryos and then destroy them in the process
76
what is the definition of diffusion
the movement of particles down a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
77
what are the factors affecting diffusion
distance
concentration gradient
temperature
surface area to volume
78
why does the distance affect the rate of diffusion
shorter the distance the less the atoms need to move across shorter rate of diffusion
79
why does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion
greater the difference in concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion
80
why does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion
as the temp increase the particles gain thermal energy and rate of diffusion increases
81
why does the surface area to volume affect the rate of diffusion
how quick they can absorb surfaces
82
explain diffusion in the lungs
alveoli is once cell thick reducing the diffusion distance and large surface area maximizing gas exchange
has a good supply of capillary network to maintain the concentration gradient
83
explain diffusion in plants
large surface area to absorb sunlight
co2 moves in and o2 moves out
flat leaves mean there is a short distance for diffusion
network of veins to transport water and sugars
84
explain diffusion in the small intestine
large surface area - micro villi to maximise diffusion
capillary network to maintain the concentration gradient
villi to contain mitochondria for active transport
85
what is osmosis
the movement of water from a high concentration to a low concentration across a partially permeable membrane
86
what does it mean by the word isotonic
the concentration of the solute in the solution outside the cell is the same as the internal concentration
87
what does it mean by the word hypertonic
the concentration of the solutes in the solution outside the cell is higher than the internal concentration
88
what does it mean by the word hypotonic
the concentration of the solutes in the solution outside the cell is lower than the internal concentration
89
what does the word flaccid mean
the cell becomes less rigid as its lost water
90
what do you mention when writing about osmosis
refer to the concentration of water and sugar solution
movement of substances
name of process
91
explain osmosis in animals
no cell wall means that if cells placed in distilled water would burst due the pressure
cells placed in concentrated salt solution will shrink and shrivel due to the cytoplasm will become concentrated
92
what is active transport
the movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration through a partially permeable membrane
93
what are the two important mineral ions in plants
nitrates
magnesium
94
what does nitrates do for a plant
makes amino acids
95
what does magnesium do for a plant
makes chlorophyll
96
explain digestion in the small intestine
food is absorbs in the villi the concentration of glucose increases and diffusion stops
glucose is then absorbed from the gut into the blood via active transport
must use energy to move the nutrients against the concentration gradient
contains mitochondria to carry out active transport
97
what is the function of the stomach
muscular wall of stomach contract to churn food breaking into small pieces
produces hydrochloric acid
98
what is the function of the rectum + anus
receives stool from large intestine and leaves through the anus
99
what is the function of the gall bladder
stores excess bile before its released into the small intestine
100
what is the function of the small intestine
soluble products of digestion absorbed into the blood through the wall covered in villi
produces protases, amylase and lipase
101
what is the function of the mouth
digestion starts here
smell of food starts the salivary glands to chemically break down the food
chewing is the mechanical digestion
102
what is the function of the large intestine
connect the small intestine to the rectum
processes waste
stool passes through the large intestine
103
what is the funtion of the oesophagus
peristalis muscular tube that pushes food down into the stomach by a series of contractions
104
what is the function of the pancreas
produces insulin that goes into the blood stream
insulin metabolises sugar
105
what is the function of the liver
detoxifies food
increases bile to neutralises hydrochloric acid
106
what are enzymes
biological catalysts
speed up the breakdown of large food molecules
made up of proteins
107
explain how amylase breaks down starch using the lock and key model
starch (substrate) binds to the active site of the enzyme
because the shape of substrate and active site allow them to fit together
chemical reaction occurs to produce smaller molecules
108
what does carbohydrase/amylase break down and turn it into
starch and turns it into simple sugars
109
what does protease break down and turn it into
proteins and into amino acids
110
what does lipase break down and turn it into
lipids and into glycerol and fatty acids
111
where is protease produced
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
112
where is carbohydrase/amylase produced
salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine
113
where is lipase produced
pancreas
small intestine
114
explain how bile neutralises the stomach acids and emulsifies fat
bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder
hydrochloric acid of the stomach makes the pH to acidic for enzymes to work
bile is alkaline so it neutralises these acidic conditions
bile emulsifies fats breaking them down into tiny droplets
giving them a larger surface area for lipase to work on
115
what is glucose used for
respiration by your cells
116
what is fatty acids and glycerol used for
store energy to build cell membranes and hormones
117
what are amino acids used for
protein synthesis in ribosomes
118
what are the factors affecting enzymes
temperature and pH
119
explain how temperature affects enzymes
increasing the temperature increases the rate of reaction because of the collisions between enzymes and substrates
if the temp is too high the enzyme will denature and the rate of reaction will fall
120
explain how pH affects enzymes
all enzymes have an optimum pH depending on where it normally works
changes in pH will result in a change of enzyme shape
the specific shape of the active site is lost so the enzyme can no longer work as a catalyst
121
what is the process of gas exchange
air moves down the mouth and nose --> trachea --> bronchus --> bronchiole --> alveolus
122
describe inspirtation
the muscles between your ribs contract and pull your ribcage up and out
diaphragm contracts and moves down
the volume inside you chest increases
the pressure inside your chest decreases draws air into your lungs
123
show inspiration using the bell jar model
rubber sheet is pulled down
volume inside the jar increases
pressure inside the jar decreases air rushes in
balloons inflate
124
describe expiration
muscles between your ribs relax pulling your ribcage down and in
the diaphragm relaxes it moves up
volume inside your chest decreases
pressure inside your chest decreases pushes air out of your lungs
125
what is the importance of valves
they close preventing the blood flowing backward out of the heart
126
what are differences between eh muscle in the right and left ventricle
the muscle in the left ventricle is thicker as it has to pump blood around the body and requires a greater force at a higher pressure
the right side only pump blood to the lungs and requires less force as at a high pressure would damage the capillaries
127
explain the path of deoxygenated blood
vena cava--> right atrium --> right ventricle --> pulmonary artery --> lungs
128
explain the path of oxygenated blood
lungs --> pulmonary vein --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta
129
what are the functions of arteries
moves blood away from the heart at a high pressure
130
what is adaptation of an artery
thick cell walls
small lumen
thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
131
why does an artery need thick cell walls
to pump oxygenated blood out under high pressure
132
why does an artery need a small lumen
to maintain the flow of blood
133
why does an artery need a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres
allows arteries to change diameter as the blood is forced through them and then recoil
134
what is the function of the veins
to move blood from organs into the heart at a low pressure
135
what is the function of the capillaries
to join arteries and veins through organs and reduce pressure
136
what is adaptation of veins
relatively thin walls
large lumens
valves
137
what is adaptation of capillaries
walls a single cell thick
tiny vessel with narrow lumen
138
why do veins need relatively thin walls
they contain blood at a low pressure
139
why do veins need large lumens
to help blood flow despite a lower pressure
140
why do veins need valves
so the blood flows the correct way
141
why do capillaries have walls a single cell thick
to increase the rate of diffusion
carry blood really close to every cell so substances can exchange easily
142
why do capillaries have tiny vessel with narrow lumen
permeable wall so substances can diffuse in and out
143
what are the benefits of a double circulatory system
more efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients
blood is pumped at a higher pressure so fully oxygenated blood reaches cells quicker
144
what is the formula for calculating the rate of blood flow
rate of blood flow = volume of blood divided by number of minutes
145
what is the function of the blood
to transport blood cells
transport dissolved gases
transport food
transport of hormones
removal of waster products
defence against infection
prevents blood loss through clotting
146
what are the function of while blood cells
form a part of the immune system and keep us safe from disease
made in the bone marrow
147
what are the two types of white blood cells
phagocytes
Lymphocytes
148
what does the white blood cell phagocytes do
surround the pathogens
149
what does the white blood cell lymphocytes do
produce antibodies
150
what is the function of plasma
makes up half of the blood in the body and carries red/white blood cells around the body
carries hormones dissolved in glucose for respiration
151
what is the function of platelets
colourless fragments of cells that form scabs to stop cuts from bleeding
they are made in the bone marrow
form scabs to keep infection out
152
what is coronary heart disease
build up of fat in the coronary arteries causing them to narrow
less oxygen gets delivered to the heart muscle
this causes chest pain or heart attack
153
what treatments are there for coronary heart disease
statins
bypass
stent
154
what are the pros of statins
convenient over surgery
decreases cholesterol/ build up of fat in arteries
155
what are the cons of statins
have to be taken for the long term
has side effects
cant be prescribed to some people
156
what are the pros of bypass
work in arteries where stents cannot
157
what are the cons of bypass
expensive
risk with general anaesthetic
158
what are the pros of stents
long term solution remains in place and durable
rapid recovery time
159
what are the cons of stents
risk of blood clotting, heart attack or stroke
risk of infection from procedure
160
what do you do to help arrhythmia
fit a pacemaker that correct irregular arteries in heart rate using electric signals
161
what is arrhythmia
pacemaker cells in the right atrium don't work properly
162
what is the treatment for leaky valves
mechanical valves
biological valves
163
what are leaky valves
the valves in the heart work too hard and start to leak or doesn't fully close
164
what is heart failure
the heart is severely damaged it need to be replaced
165
what is the treatment for heart failure
transplant
artificial heart
166
what are mechanical valves
strong durable but cause blood clots
167
what are biological valves
only last 12-15 years come from animals or humans
168
what is health
the state of physical and mental well being not just the absence of disease
169
what is disease
any condition that interferes with the proper function of the body and mind
170
name types of communicable diseases caused by micro organisms
bacteria
viruses
protist
fungi
171
what are non communicable diseases
cannot be transmitted from one person to another
genetic or caused by lifestyle
172
what are communicable diseases
transmitted from one person to another
173
what are factors affecting health
diet
stress
life situations
174
what are risk factors for disase
inherited factors
lifestyle factors
environmental factors
175
what are the impact of non communicable disease on an individual and family
loss of income
reliant on family
176
what are the impact of non communicable disease on local place
cost of providing support services
177
what are the impact of non communicable disease nationally
increase of welfare bill
reduction in national productivity
178
what are the impact of non communicable disease globally
reduction in trade and air budgets
179
what is cardiovascular disease
conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels
180
risk factors
high blood pressure
smoking
high cholesterol
181
what is type 2 diabetes
when your body cannot make enough insulin or insulin doesn't work properly
182
what is lung disease
range of disorders that affect the functioning of the lungs
182
what is cancer
a result of mutations in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
183
what are benign tumours
contained in one place and don't spread
grow slowly
can cause damage to organs
183
what is tumour
an abnormal mass of cells that grow when the control of the cell cycle is lost and cells grow in an uncontrolled way
184
what are malignant tumours
grows quickly invading neighbouring tissues
can spread to other parts of the body
cancerous
difficult to treat
185
what does metastasis mean
cancer cells lodge in other organs and start to multiply
186
what are causes of cancer
genetic risk factors
obesity
ionising radiation
187
how can cancer be treated
radiotherapy
chemotheropy
188
what is chemotheropy
using drugs
stops mitosis in cancer cells make them self destruct
189
what is radiotheropy
cancer cells are destroyed by electromagnetic waves
can damage neighbouring tissues
190
adaptation of the upper epidermis of a plant
has a waxy cuticle that prevents waterless
its transparent and allows light to penetrate through
191
what's the function of palisade mesophyll
contains chloroplast
photosynthesis occurs
192
what is the function of spongy mesophyll
air spaces for quick diffusion
large surface area increase gas exchange
193
what does the stomata do when open
good volume of water
gas exchange occurs
guard cells become turgid by osmosis
194
what can the guard cell do
change shape depending on the amount of water
195
what is a vascular bundle
the xylem and phloem
196
what is transpirtation
water loss via the stomata
one way flow
197
what is translocation
two way flow
198
what are the factors affecting transpiration
temperature
humidity
light intensity
wind speed
199
how do plants control water lpdd
leaves have a waxy waterproof layer
stomata are found on the underside of a leaf to protect it from direct sunlight
stomata close stopping photosynthesis to prevent water loss and wilting
200
what are pathogens
microorganisms that enter the body and cause communicable disease
201
function of bacteria that causes communicable diseases
reproduce inside your body through binary fission
produces toxins to make you feel ill
202
function of viruses that causes communicable diseases
reproduces rapidly inside your cells and damages them
live in your cell and replicate themselves using the cells machinery to produce copies of themselves
the cell eventually burst releasing new viruses
203
how are pathogens spread
by air
direct contact
water
204
how are pathogens spread by air
individuals expel tiny droplets nearby individuals inhale the droplets with pathogens and pick up the infection
205
how are pathogens spread by direct contact
touching contaminated surfaces or skin
206
how are pathogens spread by water
drinking water containing sewage or eating raw or undercook food
