Biomechanical movement

Question 1

what is fluid mechanics?

Answer 1

the study of an object or human body that travels through any liquid or gas

Question 2

what is dynamic fluid force?

Answer 2

-study of fluids and how forces affect them
-movement of liquids and gases
- e.g: drag + lift

drag= cycling, sprinting, swimming
lift= ball, discus, javelin

Question 3

what is drag force?

Answer 3

-anything that slows something down
-resistance force caused by the motion of the body travelling through a liquid
-acts against motion + negatively impacts velocity
-produced from air resistance + friction

Question 4

what are the two types of drag force?

Answer 4

surface + form

Question 5

what is surface drag force?

Answer 5

between object surface and fluid environment

Question 6

what is form drag force?

Answer 6

between environment and object

Question 7

What are the ways to reduce forces acting on a cyclist whilst racing?

Answer 7

• friction- by using thin/high pressured tyres + by streamlining
  -reduce frontal cross-sectional area, creating a smooth flow around the cyclist
  -reduce surface friction of air on a cyclist by changing body shape to smooth airflow behind cyclist

Question 8

what are the factors that affect drag?

Answer 8

• velocity of the moving body- greater velocity= greater drag= reduced by streamlining

-cross-sectional area of moving body- larger area=greater drag

-shape + surface characteristics of a moving body- streamlined aerodynamic shape reduces drag

Question 9

what is the Bernoulli principle for a discus?

Answer 9

-air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel
-body forms an aerofoil shape - creating the angle of attack to the direction of motion
-air travels further and faster over the top of the discus = lower pressure on top
-Bernoulli force formed from high to low pressure
-air tries to move from high to low= lift force
-so flight path is assymetrical + flight path lengthens - so discus travels further

Question 10

what is the Bernoulli principle for a cyclist?

Answer 10

-air molecules exert less pressure the faster they travel
-body forms an aerofoil shape - creating an angle of attack to the direction of motion
-air travels further and faster under cyclist = lower pressure under cyclist
-Bernoulli force applied from high to low pressure = down force

Question 11

what is Newtons first law?

Answer 11

-Law of INERTIA
-everybody continues in its state of res tor motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by external forces exerted upon it

Question 12

what is inertia?

Answer 12

the resistance of an object has to change its state of motion

Question 13

what is Newtons second law?

Answer 13

-Law of Acceleration
-the rate of a body is proportional to the force causing it + the change that takes place in the direction in which the force act
-the rate of change of momentum of an object is directly proportional to the force causing the change

force= mass x acceleration

Question 14

what is Newtons third law?

Answer 14

-Law of Action/Reaction
-to every action, there is an equal + opposite reaction

Question 15

what does a vector quantity consist of?

Answer 15

magnitude and direction

Question 16

what does a scalar quantity consist of?

Answer 16

only magnitude

Question 17

what is the formula for speed?

Answer 17

distance/time

Question 18

what is the formula for velocity?

Answer 18

displacement/ time

Question 19

what is the centre of mass?

Answer 19

an imaginary point where we believe the mass of an object is concentrated

Question 20

where is each component located in a first class lever?

Answer 20

from left to right: effort, fulcrum, load

Question 21

what is the first class lever involved in?

Answer 21

neck and elbow extension

Question 22

where is each component located in the second class lever?

Answer 22

from left to right: fulcrum, resistance, effort

Question 23

what is the second class lever involved in?

Answer 23

plantarflexion of the ankle

Question 24

where is each component located in the third class lever?

Answer 24

from left to right: fulcrum, effort, resistance

Question 25

what is the third class lever involved in?

Answer 25

hip, knee, elbow flexion and knee extension

Question 26

what is mechanical advantage?

Answer 26

when the force arm is longer than the resistance arm > so you can move a larger load over a short distance, requiring little force >small range of movement >difficult to generate speed + distance

Question 27

what is mechanical advantage dependent on?

Answer 27

the length of the effort arm and resistance arm

Question 28

define effort arm.

Answer 28

distance between the fulcrum and effort

Question 29

define resistance arm.

Answer 29

distance between the fulcrum and resistance

Question 30

what is mechanical disadvantage?

Answer 30

when the resistance arm is longer than the force/effort arm >cannot move heavy loads >can move faster >large ROM

Question 31

what are the mechanical advantages of the second class lever?

Answer 31

-- generate large forces --has to lift whole body weight

Question 32

what are the mechanical disadvantages of the second class lever?

Answer 32

--slow --limited ROM

Question 33

what are the mechanical advantages of the first + third class levers?

Answer 33

--larger ROM --any resistance can be moved quickly

Question 34

what are the mechanical disadvantages of the first + third class levers?

Answer 34

--cannot apply much force to move an object

Question 35

what is the formula to work out mechanical advantage?

Answer 35

length of effort arm/ length of resistance arm

Question 36

define mass.

Answer 36

the quantity of matter a body possesses

Question 37

what is an impulse?

Answer 37

a measure of a force applied over time

Question 38

what is the formula to work out impulse?

Answer 38

force X time --newton seconds (Ns)

Question 39

what is the formula for momentum?

Answer 39

mass X velocity

Question 40

what does this impulse graph show ?

Answer 40

positive impulse is larger that the negative impulse = acceleration

Question 41

what does this impulse graph show?

Answer 41

positive impulse is equal to the negative impulse = constant speed

Question 42

what does this impulse graph show?

Answer 42

positive impulse is smaller than the negative impulse = deceleration

Question 43

what are the external forces that can act on a person or object?

Answer 43

--air resistance --gravity/weight

Question 44

what is angular momentum?

Answer 44

the quantity of rotation a body possesses

Question 45

what is the formula for angular momentum?

Answer 45

moment of inertia X angular velocity

Question 46

what is angular velocity?

Answer 46

speed of rotation

Question 47

what is the formula for angular velocity?

Answer 47

angular displacement/ time

Question 48

what are the factors affecting the distance an object travels/ horizontal displacement

Answer 48

--height of release --speed of release --angle of release

Question 49

what is the angle of release dependent on?

Answer 49

--release height --landing height

Question 50

what affects the flight path of an object?

Answer 50

-- weight of the object --air resistance acting on the object

Question 51

what is a parabolic flight path?

Answer 51

the flight path of a projectile in the absence of air resistance

Question 52

when does a parabolic flight path occur?

Answer 52

if the weight is the dominant force and the air resistance is less effective

Question 53

what is horizontal displacement?

Answer 53

the shortest distance from the starting point to the finishing point

Question 54

what is torque?

Answer 54

the force created that turns the body around an axis

Question 55

how does a performer decrease their angular motion?

Answer 55

--increase their moment of inertia an decrease their angular velocity --by opening their limbs

Question 56

how does a performer increase their angular motion?

Answer 56

--decrease their moment of inertia and increase their angular velocity --by tucking in their limbs

Question 57

what is the first angular law?

Answer 57

a rotating body will continue with constant torque until a large enough external force is acted upon it

Question 58

what is the second angular law?

Answer 58

the rate of change of angular motion is proportional to the force changing it

Question 59

what is the third angular law?

Answer 59

when torque is applied, there will always be an equal and opposite force