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Physiology > Biomechanical Properties of Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Biomechanical Properties of Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel wall?

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of tunica adventitia?

A

increase in collagen, no elastin, amounts remain equal

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3
Q

What is the trend of % composition between SMC, elastin, and collagen?

A
  • SMC: higher % towards smaller size
  • elastin: % remains the same
  • collagen: higher % towards larger size
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4
Q

The thickness and composition of each lary vary according to what?

A

vessel and diameter

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5
Q

Large arteries contain what?

A

thick media layer and high amount of elastin

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6
Q

What is the trend of elastin in small arteries?

A

amount of elastin decreases

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7
Q

Veins contain what?

A

thinner media layer and less amount of elastic tissue

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8
Q

How does pressure change in the left heart during a cardiac cycle?

A
  1. AV valve opens
  2. aortic valve closes
  3. aortic valve opens
  4. AV valve closes
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9
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure (Pd)?

A

lowest arterial pressure

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10
Q

What is systolic blood pressure (Ps)?

A

highest arterial pressure

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11
Q

What is pulse pressure (PP)?

A

Ps-Pd

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12
Q

What is the formula for the mean blood pressure?

A
  • Pa= Pd + .33(Ps-Pd)
  • Pa is the average pressure during a complete cardiac cycle
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13
Q

What is meant by laminar flow?

A

NO sounds

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14
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds?

A

sounds produced when an artery is partially constricted and blood flow becomes turbulentcausing the artery to vibrate

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15
Q

What is the oscillometry method?

A

turbulent blood flow occurs when the cuff pressure is greater than the diastolic and less than the systolic

Pd < tuburlance < Ps

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16
Q

How is the ausculation method used to measure blood pressure?

A
  • 1st sound = systolic pressure
  • 2nd sound= diastolic pressure
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17
Q

What are the physiologic factors that determin artieral blood pressure?

A

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

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18
Q

What is cardiac output in arterial blood pressure?

A

volume of blood being pumped out by the heart

heart rate * stroke volume

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19
Q

What are the phyhsical factors that determine arterial pressure?

A

arterial blood volume and arterial compliances

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20
Q

If stroke volume increases, what are the effects on arterial blood pressure?

A
  • within the first cycle, diastolic pressure will remain the same
  • every cycle after, diastolic pressure will increase causing the pulse pressure to increase
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21
Q

If stroke volume decreases, what are the effects on arterial blood pressure?

A
  • within the first cycle, diastolic pressure will remain the same
  • every cycle after, diastolic pressure will decrease causing the pulse pressure to decrease
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22
Q

If heart rate increases, what are the effects on arterial blood pressure?

A
  • both diastolic and systolic increase
  • pulse pressure has no change b/c there is no change to stroke volume
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23
Q

If heart rate decreases, what are the effects on arterial blood pressure?

A
  • both diastolic and systolic decrease
  • pulse pressure has no change b/c there is no change to stroke volume
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24
Q

If peripheral resistance decreases, what are the effects on arterial blood pressure?

A
  • both diastolic and systolic decrease
  • pulse pressure has no change
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25
Q

If peripheral resistance increases, what are the effects on arterial blood pressure?

A
  • both diastolic and systolic increase
  • pulse pressure has no change
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26
Q

What is resistance determined by?

A

blood viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius

length and viscosity considered constant

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27
Q

How is resistance reduced?

A

by an increase in radius

28
Q

Vessel resistance is sensitive to what?

A

diameter and blood flow

29
Q

What vessels have the lowest cross-sectional area (highest resistance)

A

aortas and large arteries

30
Q

From arteries to arterioles, how is cross-sectional area and resistance blood pressure affected?

A

cross-sectional area is increased by decreasing resistance

31
Q

What is vascular tone?

A

degree of constriction relative to its maximally dilated state

32
Q

When do all arterial and venous vessels exhibit some degree of smooth muscle contraction?

A

under basal conditions

33
Q

How do extrinsic factors regulate blood pressure?

A

by altering systemic vascular resistance

34
Q

How is vascular tone determined?

A

by balance of competing vasocinstrictor and vasodilator influences

35
Q

What are intrinsic vascular tones?

A
  • tissue metabolites
  • local hormones
  • myogenic -> response to “snap back”
  • endothelial factors
36
Q

What is vascular stenosis?

A

abnormal narrowing of an artery

decreasing vessel diameter

37
Q

What causes vascular stenosis?

A

atherosclerosis

38
Q

Focal vacospasm can cause what?

A

acute stenosis

39
Q

What is critical stenosis?

A

critical narrowing of an artery that results in reduction in maximal flow capacity

40
Q

What is an example of critical stenosis?

A

narrowing of an iliac artery decreases flow to piriformis muscle

41
Q

What is meant by blood vessel compliance?

A

ability of a vessel to distend and increase volume

42
Q

What is the difference between stressed and unstressed volume ?

A
  • stressed volume: that stretched the walls
  • unstressed volume: the rest
43
Q

What is blood volume compliance quantified as?

A

change in volume (V) / change in pressure (P)

44
Q

What is the formula for arterial compliance?

A

Ca = change in Va / change in Pa

Va = arterial volume; Pa= arterial pressure

45
Q

What is the formula for arterial elastance?

A

Ea = change in Pa / change in Va

46
Q

What is the trend of elastance and compliance between arteries and veins?

A
  • artery: increase elastance, decrease complaince
  • vein: decrease elastance, increase compliance
47
Q

Why is the compliance of arteries much lower than veins?

A

due to higher elastin and vascular smooth muscle

48
Q

What is the trend between elastin and compliance?

A

as elastin decreases, compliance increases

49
Q

What is the result of small changes in pressure?

A

increase in volume chages and compliance

50
Q

What is the action of aortas and large arteries during systole and diastole?

A
  • systole: distend
  • diastend: recoil
51
Q

How do arteries act as a pressure resevoir?

A
  1. allows continuous blood flow
  2. reduces workload on heart because recoil pushes remainder of blood to capillaries
  3. reduce blood pressure fluctuation
52
Q

What is the effect of age on compliance?

A

compliance decreases with age

53
Q

What is the effect of age on systolic and blood pressure?

A

they both increase with age

54
Q

What are the causes of arterial stiffness?

A
  • increase in collagen
  • decrease in elastin
  • decrease in expansion ability
55
Q

What are the physical properties of veins?

A
  • high compliance
  • low resistance because pressure decreases to get blood back to heart
  • blood reservoir system
  • venous valves provide one way to flow towards the right heart
56
Q

What are the biggest determinants of venous return ot the heart?

A
  1. pressure gradient
  2. skeletal muscle pump with venous valves
57
Q

What is a skeletal muscle pump?

A

major mechanism promoting venous return during normal locomotory activity

58
Q

Do veins in large muscles compress or decompress during muscle muscle relaxation/contraction?

A
  • compress during contraction
  • decompress during relaxation
59
Q

What happens to the respiratory pump during inhalation?

A
  1. thoracic cavity expands
  2. pressure in pleural cavities drops
  3. pulls air into lungs
  4. blood pulled into the IVC and right atrium from smaller veins
60
Q

What happens to the respiratory pump during exhalation?

A
  1. pressure in pleural cavity drops
  2. pushes blood into right atrium

important during heavy exercise

61
Q

What happens to the respiratory pump during relaxation?

A
  1. pressuredecreases
  2. increases blood flow into thoracic veins
  3. diaphragm relaxes
62
Q

What happens to the respiratory pump during contraction?

A
  1. pressure decreases
  2. increased intrathoracic pressure
  3. diaphragm relaxes
63
Q

What is the process of regulated sympathetic vasoconstriction?

A

increased sympathetic > vasoconstriction> increase venous pressure> increase venous return> increase EDV

64
Q

How does the cardiac suction effect affect venous returns?

A

increases it

65
Q

Pu;;ing an aorta causes what?

A

an increase in atrial volume

decreasae in atrial pressure drives blood into aorta

Physiology (9 decks)

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