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Biomechanics > Biomechanics Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Biomechanics Quiz 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

cartilage: chondrocytes embedded where?

A

within extracellular matrix

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2
Q

cartilage: extracellular matrix is made up of what 2 things and what % each are they?

A
  1. water 60-80% (hyaline)

2. collagen 10-30% (hyaline)

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3
Q

which part of extracellular matrix is framework?

A

collagen

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4
Q

extracellular matrix functions:

A
  1. protect chondrocytes (inside framework)

2. reduce movement friction

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5
Q

cartilage: vascular or avascular?

A

avascular – no blood supply

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6
Q

cartilage: what helps diffusion from synovial fluid?

A

joint loading

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7
Q

what aspect of articular cartilage allows it to withstand normal loads?

A

“self-renewing”

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8
Q

how are cartilage fibers laid down?

A

in different directions depending on each layer

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9
Q

T/F … it withstands loads in multiple directions.

A

TRUE!

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10
Q

How many zones can articular cartilage be divided into?

A

4 zones

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11
Q

Under articular cartilage is what bone?

A

Sub-chondral bone

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12
Q

Above articular cartilage is what?

A

synovial fluid

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13
Q

What is the zone at the very top below synovial fluid?

A

superficial zone

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14
Q

cartilage: mechanical behavior resembles what?

A

a sponge

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15
Q

tendon and ligaments are similar or dissimilar in structure?

A

similar!

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16
Q

tendon + ligaments: made up of what 3 things:

A

water
collagen
elastin

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17
Q

tendon and ligaments: % water, % collagen, and % elastin

A

70% water
25% collagen
5% elastin

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18
Q

what is the main difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

arrangement of collagen fibers

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19
Q

tendons are bound together in what direction?

A

parallel

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20
Q

ligaments are bound together in what direction?

A

nearly parallel

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21
Q

cartilage is bound together in what direction?

A

mixed arrangement

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22
Q

tendon + ligament: strength in general

A

both have strong tensile strength

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23
Q

how are tendons and ligaments under compression and shear?

A

little resistant to compression and shear

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24
Q

ligaments strength compared to tendon strength

A

less strong under axial tensile loads

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25
why ligaments strength compared to tendon strength is less under axial tensile loads?
higher amounts of elastin and collagen arrangement.
26
which can carry loads better that are not purely axial and why?
ligaments are better because of their collagen arrangement!
27
what are the 6 forces?
``` gravity torque shear compression friction strain ```
28
what is a force?
push and pull of one object on another
29
what does it mean that forces come in pairs?
the force exerted is matched by an equal but opposite directed force
30
newton's third law of reaction:
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
31
force can be described as a vector -- what does that mean (3 things)?
it has: magnitude direction point of application
32
properties of forces affect 3 things:
1. characteristics of performance 2. ability 3. risk of injury
33
what is derived from the vector addition of two or more forces
resultant force (net force)
34
what a force actions on an object, there are 2 effects possible:
1. object acceleration | 2. object deformation
35
factors that influence whether injury occurs when external force is applied to body:
1. magnitude 2. direction 3. area 4. material properties of loaded body tissues
36
action of forces: make what assumption?
often assume forces cause minimal deformation
37
relationship between net force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a) a center of mass? what are the units in each?
F=ma (Newton's 2nd law) N = kg*m/s2
38
Newton's 1st law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
39
3 basic types of applied forces
1. compression 2. tension 3. shear
40
Compression
pressing or squeezing force directed normal (perpendicular) to a surface DOWN!
41
Tension
pulling or stretching force directed normal (perpendicular) to a surface UP!
42
Shear
sliding or tearing force directed parallel to a surface HORIZONTAL!
43
Bending
tension on one side of an object and compression on the other *Asymmetric!
44
Bending: forces per unit area that are greatest at the surface
compressive and tensile
45
torsion - definition. what does it create?
Load producing a twisting of an object. Creates a shear within object.
46
Contact forces - definition
Forces pushing or pulling on an object due to contact with another object NOTE: there will be a contact force anywhere two objects touch
47
Contact forces in biomechanics include:
1. external | 2. internal
48
Non-Contact Forces
Forces that do not result from direct physical contact (e.g.force of gravity)
49
External Forces:
produced by a material in response to an outside energy source
50
A common type of passive force
Normal Reaction Force
51
example of Normal Reaction Force
Ground Reaction Forces: Human Movement
52
Internal Forces:
Forces generated by an internal energy source
53
Draw ground reaction forces
*** DRAW THEM *** include: heal strike push off toe off label time axis (x) % force (y)
54
Ground reaction force resolves into 3 components
1. vertical 2. antero-posterio 3. medio-lateral
55
Fr
Ground reaction force Arrow coming up from the bottom of the foot.
56
Fg
Force of gravity Always pushing down.
57
Fd
Aerodynamic drag force Always going against the grain / direction of movement of the body (i.e. if the body is moving forward, the arrow is pointing backward).
58
the dot in the graph of ground reaction forces - the runner
The dot is the center of mass of the person / object.
59
Classifying forces -- internal forces
1. forces that act within the object or system in motion | 2. action and reaction forces act on different parts of the body.
60
Classifying forces -- 4 different types of internal forces
1. joint contact 2. musculotendon 3. ligament 4. resultant joint
61
Joint Contact Force: definition and example in body
compressive force resulting from bone-on-bone contact (2 articular surfaces) associated with: load-bearing by skeleton NOTE: *always* compressive EXAMPLE: pelvis and femur contact
62
Musculotendon Force: definition, function, and force produced
active and passive forces generated by a muscle-tendon unit Function: to create / resist movement at joint Force produced: tensile forces in direction of tendon angle of insertion
63
Ligament Force: definition, function, and force produced
passive force produced bystretching of a ligament Function: to prevent excessive motion at joint Force produced: when stretched, tensile force on bone at attachment
64
Resultant Joint Force
net force acting across ajoint (due to all sources) -- sum of all forces acting at joint NOTE: contact and muscle forces acting at a joint CANNOT be determined individually *Just add up all the vector arrows and that is what direction the force ultimate goes in
65
Motion definition (kinematics)
action or process of a change in position.
66
Moving definition (kinematics)
change in position from one point to another.
67
Movement (kinematics)
change in position
68
Linear motion
"translation" or accessory motion that occurs when all points move the same distance in the same direction, at the same time
69
Angular Motion
"rotary motion" or "rotation" that occurs hone all points move in circles (or circle parts) around the same central axis. basic def: 1. degrees of freedom 2. axis of rotation NOTE: axis is inside or outside the body
70
Angular Kinematics & Motion
Movement performed through rotation of the body segments
71
Angular Kinematics & Motion -- the body is often analyzed as what?
... a collection of rigid, rotating segments linked at the joint centers
72
Measuring Angles - intraradial
against the body
73
Measuring Angles - interradial
??? within the body? outside the body?
74
Joint Angles
Relative angles between adjacent body segments. OR Rotation of distal segment relative to proximal
75
joint angle of 0 - what position?
anatomical position

Biomechanics (10 decks)

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