biomed

Question 1

where can you see substantia nigra in an image that looks like mickey mouse ears?

Answer 1

midbrain

Question 2

what makes up the striate nucleus?

Answer 2

caudate and putamen

Question 3

does basal ganglia project to the spinal cord?

Answer 3

no, only cortex and thalamus

Question 4

what transmitter is associated with subthalamic nucleus?

Answer 4

glutamate

Question 5

what neurotransmitter is associated with the pars reticulata (substantia nigra)

Answer 5

gaba

Question 6

what neurotransmitter is associated with the globus palladus interna/substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area?

Answer 6

dopamine

Question 7

where is the main output of the striatum as what is it comprised of?

Answer 7

globus pallidus interna/substantia nigra reticulata

Question 8

Are projections from the basal ganglia: SNr/GPi to thalamus from inhibitory or facilitory?

Answer 8

inhibitory

Question 9

what is the only part of the indirect and direct pathway that is facilitory?

Answer 9

the subthalamic nucleus

Question 10

importance of the skeletomotor circuit?

Answer 10

motor planning, action selection, coordination of sequences, movement execution, scaling and/or focusing movement

Question 11

what is the path of the skeletomotor system?

Answer 11

1. cortex: motor, supplementary motor, premotor, and cingulate motor area
2. striatum: putamen
3. pallidum: substantia nigra/SNr/GPi
4. thalamus

Question 12

importance of the oculomotor system?

Answer 12

role in saccadic eye movements-what is rewarding to watch

Question 13

importance of the executive system?

Answer 13

executive/associate function?

Question 14

importance of limbic system?

Answer 14

emotion/motivation

Question 15

what is the path of the oculomotor system?

Answer 15

1. cortex: frontal and supplementary eye fields
2. striatum: caudate nucleus
3. Pallidum/substantia nigra: SNr/GPi (oculomotor territory)
4. Thalamus

Question 16

what is the path of the executive/associative system?

Answer 16

1. cortex: dorsolateral prefrontal and lateral orbitofrontal cortices
2. striatum: caudate nucleus
3. palladium/substania nigra: snr/gpi (associate territory)
4. thalamus

Question 17

what is the path of the limbic system?

Answer 17

1. cortex: anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortices
2. striatum: ventral striatum
3. palladium/substantia nigra: snr/gpi (limbic territory)
4. thalamus

Question 18

what does the skeletomotor circuit do to prepare a movement?

Answer 18

select an action

Question 19

how does the skeletomotor circuit initate a movement?

Answer 19

plan it

Question 20

what are three components of the execution of a movement?

Answer 20

scaling the amplitude of movement
scaling the velocity of movement
focusing by choosing the best pattern for the movement

Question 21

what is the neurotransmitter used by the skeletomotor system? what is its goal?

Answer 21

dopamine

movement choice associated with reward

Question 22

does glutamate facilitate or inhibit basal ganglia?

Answer 22

facilitate

Question 23

does gaba facilitate or inhibit basal ganglia?

Answer 23

inhibit

Question 24

does acetylcholine facilitate or inhibit basal ganglia?

Answer 24

facilitate

Question 25

in terms of basal ganglia, what neurotransmitter does the cerebral cortex release?

Answer 25

glutamate

Question 26

in terms of basal ganglia, what neurotransmitter does the striate release?

Answer 26

gaba

Question 27

in terms of basal ganglia, what neurotransmitter does the internal segment and pars reticulata release?

Answer 27

gaba

Question 28

in terms of basal ganglia, what neurotransmitter does the sub thalamic nucleus release?

Answer 28

glutamate

Question 29

in terms of basal ganglia, where are dopaminergic synapses found?

Answer 29

pallidum, substantia nigra, and sub thalamic nucleus

Question 30

which receptors for dopamine affect the direct pathway?

Answer 30

D1

Question 31

which receptors for dopamine affect indirect pathway?

Answer 31

D2

Question 32

what is the effect of dopamine in thalamocortical neurons?

Answer 32

facilitates movements