biomolecules

Question 1

does oxygen have a slightly negative or slightly positive charge in a water molecule ?

Answer 1

it is slightly negative

Question 2

how do water molecules bond?

Answer 2

the slightly negative atom of one water molecule will attract the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of other molecules and form a weak hydrogen bons.(called electrostatic attraction)

Question 3

why does water have an unusually high melting and boiling point?

Answer 3

due to the electrostatic attraction which means that more energy is reqiered to overcome the forces of the additional hydrogen bond.

Question 4

what is high specific heat capacity (realtive to water)

Answer 4

this means that the temperature of the water will remain realtivly sable despite large changes in temperature of the surrounding environment.

Question 5

what can water be useful in the body

Answer 5

it allows chemical reactions to occur
fats can be transported as emulsions.
good solvent to transport substances

Question 6

what is a buffer solution??

Answer 6

a solution that keeps the ph constant.

Question 7

how does water protect the cells?

Answer 7

it acts as a buffer which means it keeps the cells ph from chaing which protects it from any damage

Question 8

what is a molecule called when it has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge on the other?

Answer 8

dipole

Question 9

list three useful properties of water

Answer 9

can form emulsions
high surface tension
an excellent solvent
high specific heat capacity

Question 10

what is the angle between the two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule

Answer 10

104.5

Question 11

what does amphoteric mean

Answer 11

it is when a solution can create both bases and acids

Question 12

what is a colloid

Answer 12

an in between mixture with properties of a solution and suspension

Question 13

what coulour does universal indicator go when:
acidic ?
basic?

Answer 13

red when acidic
blue when basic

Question 14

what are carbohydarates most needed for in the body?

Answer 14

energy source

Question 15

what elements do carbohydrates contain ?

Answer 15

carbon , oxygen and hydrogen

Question 16

how many types of carbohydrates are there ?

Answer 16

3

Question 17

what are the three types of carbohydrates called?

Answer 17

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

Question 18

what are polysaccharides amde up of

Answer 18

they are made up of many monosaccharides

Question 19

what is the general formula for a carbohydrate

Answer 19

CH2O

Question 20

monosaccharides are classified into 3 groups depending on how many carbon atoms are in each molecule.state them

Answer 20

trioses(3 carbon atoms)
pentoses(5 carbon atoms)
hextoses(6 carbon atoms)

Question 21

what is the general formula for glucose

Answer 21

c6h12o6

Question 22

what is glucose a major source of

Answer 22

energy

Question 23

how many types of glucose are there

Answer 23

there are two types . alpha and beta glucose

Question 24

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

Answer 24

alpha creates a tripple helix and beta makes pleated sheets

Question 25

what is a disaccharide?

Answer 25

two monosaccharides joined together by a condenstation bond.where a molecule of water gets removed

Question 26

what is the opposite of a condensation reaction.

Answer 26

it is hydrolisis

Question 27

what is hydrolisis

Answer 27

the opposite of condensation reaction where a molecule of water gets produced and the two molecules split up.

Question 28

there are two types of glycocidic bond what are they.

Answer 28

1,4 glycocidic bond 1,6 gycocidic bond

Question 29

what monosaccharides are in glucose

Answer 29

glucose and fructose

Question 30

what monosacchrarides are in lactose

Answer 30

glucose and galactose

Question 31

what monosacchrarides are in maltose

Answer 31

glucose and glucose

Question 32

what are polysaccharides made up of and how do they form.

Answer 32

they are many monosaccharides joined together through glycocidic bonds that are a result of condensation reactions. in each reaction one water molecule is released.

Question 33

where is starch found

Answer 33

in plants

Question 34

what mixture is starch made up of

Answer 34

amylose and amylopectin

Question 35

what is amylose

Answer 35

a straight unbranched chain of a/glucose molecules which spiral as the chain lengthens

Question 36

what is amylopectin.

Answer 36

a branched polymer of a/glucose molecules

Question 37

what are the three starch adaptations

Answer 37

compact structure insoluble glucose molecules can easily be released by hydrolisis

Question 38

what is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?

Answer 38

protease

Question 39

what elements make up proteins?

Answer 39

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen (sulphur)

Question 40

what makes up an amino group?

Answer 40

nh2 nitrogen and 2 hydrogen.

Question 40

what is the carboxyl group made up of?

Answer 40

carbon 2 oxygens and a hydrogen the carbon and one of the oxygens have a double bond

Question 41

what is it called when 2 amino acids join together?

Answer 41

a dipepetide

Question 42

what is it callled when more than 2 peptides join together?

Answer 42

a dipeptide chain

Question 43

what reaction makes amino acids join

Answer 43

condensation reaction.

Question 44

what molecule is removed during a condensation reaction?

Answer 44

a water molecule

Question 45

what bond is formed when 2 amino acids bond

Answer 45

a peptide bond

Question 46

what reaction reverses the condensation reaction.

Answer 46

hydrolisis

Question 47

what is the primary structure of a protein.

Answer 47

the primany structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

Question 48

how do secondary structures form in a protein.

Answer 48

when hydrogen bonds between the amino acids cause the polypeptide to form a regular repeating three dimensional structure

Question 49

there are two types of secondary structures in proteins... what are they ?

Answer 49

they coil to produca an a-helix or they form beta pleated sheets

Question 50

what are some properties of a-helix proteins and pleated sheets.

Answer 50

a helix - they are flexible , elastic sheet- stable and strong

Question 51

how is the tertiary structure formed in proteins.

Answer 51

formed when primary and secondary structure are folded into complicated 3d shapes

Question 52

how are tertiary protein structures held in place

Answer 52

by hydrogen bonds , disulphide bridges and ionic bonds between the amino accids

Question 53

why is the tertiary structure important?

Answer 53

because the enzymes give the molecules its uniqueactive site hence determining which substrates can fit.

Question 54

what is the quaternary structure in proteins

Answer 54

formed when two or more polypeptide chains are linked together to form one larger complex protein.

Question 55

what are lipids mostly used for

Answer 55

as energy stores and as structural components in organisms

Question 56

what elements can be found in lipids?

Answer 56

hydrogen carbon oxygen

Question 57

what is the most common type of lipid

Answer 57

a triglyceride

Question 58

what are some functions of lipids.

Answer 58

protection around vital organs electrical insulation more efficient transfer of nerve impulses waterproofing on feathers and external layers

Question 59

what are tryglicerides amde up of

Answer 59

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

Question 60

what are fatty acids

Answer 60

hydrcarbon chain with a carboxyilic group

Question 61

in what ways do fatty acids differ

Answer 61

the length of the chain and weather they are staurated or unsaturated.

Question 62

what are the diffferences between saturated and unsaturated

Answer 62

saturated have single bond , has no kinks and more hydrogen unaturated have at least one double bond , chain has kinks in them , less hydrogen than in saturated

Question 63

in what structure do fibrous proteins form

Answer 63

do not exceed the secondary structure

Question 64

what is collagen made up of

Answer 64

3 polypeptides alpha chains forms a triple helix

Question 65

what do globular proteins made up of

Answer 65

4 polypeptide chains has haem group which contains iron