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biology > biomolecules > Flashcards

biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

does oxygen have a slightly negative or slightly positive charge in a water molecule ?

A

it is slightly negative

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2
Q

how do water molecules bond?

A

the slightly negative atom of one water molecule will attract the slightly positive hydrogen atoms of other molecules and form a weak hydrogen bons.(called electrostatic attraction)

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3
Q

why does water have an unusually high melting and boiling point?

A

due to the electrostatic attraction which means that more energy is reqiered to overcome the forces of the additional hydrogen bond.

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4
Q

what is high specific heat capacity (realtive to water)

A

this means that the temperature of the water will remain realtivly sable despite large changes in temperature of the surrounding environment.

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5
Q

what can water be useful in the body

A

it allows chemical reactions to occur
fats can be transported as emulsions.
good solvent to transport substances

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6
Q

what is a buffer solution??

A

a solution that keeps the ph constant.

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7
Q

how does water protect the cells?

A

it acts as a buffer which means it keeps the cells ph from chaing which protects it from any damage

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8
Q

what is a molecule called when it has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge on the other?

A

dipole

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9
Q

list three useful properties of water

A

can form emulsions
high surface tension
an excellent solvent
high specific heat capacity

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10
Q

what is the angle between the two hydrogen atoms in a water molecule

A

104.5

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11
Q

what does amphoteric mean

A

it is when a solution can create both bases and acids

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12
Q

what is a colloid

A

an in between mixture with properties of a solution and suspension

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13
Q

what coulour does universal indicator go when:
acidic ?
basic?

A

red when acidic
blue when basic

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14
Q

what are carbohydarates most needed for in the body?

A

energy source

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15
Q

what elements do carbohydrates contain ?

A

carbon , oxygen and hydrogen

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16
Q

how many types of carbohydrates are there ?

A

3

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17
Q

what are the three types of carbohydrates called?

A

monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide

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18
Q

what are polysaccharides amde up of

A

they are made up of many monosaccharides

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19
Q

what is the general formula for a carbohydrate

A

CH2O

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20
Q

monosaccharides are classified into 3 groups depending on how many carbon atoms are in each molecule.state them

A

trioses(3 carbon atoms)
pentoses(5 carbon atoms)
hextoses(6 carbon atoms)

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21
Q

what is the general formula for glucose

A

c6h12o6

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22
Q

what is glucose a major source of

A

energy

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23
Q

how many types of glucose are there

A

there are two types . alpha and beta glucose

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24
Q

what is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

alpha creates a tripple helix and beta makes pleated sheets

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25
Q

what is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides joined together by a condenstation bond.where a molecule of water gets removed

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26
Q

what is the opposite of a condensation reaction.

A

it is hydrolisis

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27
Q

what is hydrolisis

A

the opposite of condensation reaction where a molecule of water gets produced and the two molecules split up.

28
Q

there are two types of glycocidic bond what are they.

A

1,4 glycocidic bond
1,6 gycocidic bond

29
Q

what monosaccharides are in glucose

A

glucose and fructose

30
Q

what monosacchrarides are in lactose

A

glucose and galactose

31
Q

what monosacchrarides are in maltose

A

glucose and glucose

32
Q

what are polysaccharides made up of and how do they form.

A

they are many monosaccharides joined together through glycocidic bonds that are a result of condensation reactions. in each reaction one water molecule is released.

33
Q

where is starch found

A

in plants

34
Q

what mixture is starch made up of

A

amylose and amylopectin

35
Q

what is amylose

A

a straight unbranched chain of a/glucose molecules which spiral as the chain lengthens

36
Q

what is amylopectin.

A

a branched polymer of a/glucose molecules

37
Q

what are the three starch adaptations

A

compact structure
insoluble
glucose molecules can easily be released by hydrolisis

38
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?

A

protease

39
Q

what elements make up proteins?

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(sulphur)

40
Q

what makes up an amino group?

A

nh2
nitrogen and 2 hydrogen.

40
Q

what is the carboxyl group made up of?

A

carbon 2 oxygens and a hydrogen
the carbon and one of the oxygens have a double bond

41
Q

what is it called when 2 amino acids join together?

A

a dipepetide

42
Q

what is it callled when more than 2 peptides join together?

A

a dipeptide chain

43
Q

what reaction makes amino acids join

A

condensation reaction.

44
Q

what molecule is removed during a condensation reaction?

A

a water molecule

45
Q

what bond is formed when 2 amino acids bond

A

a peptide bond

46
Q

what reaction reverses the condensation reaction.

A

hydrolisis

47
Q

what is the primary structure of a protein.

A

the primany structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain

48
Q

how do secondary structures form in a protein.

A

when hydrogen bonds between the amino acids cause the polypeptide to form a regular repeating three dimensional structure

49
Q

there are two types of secondary structures in proteins… what are they ?

A

they coil to produca an a-helix or they form beta pleated sheets

50
Q

what are some properties of a-helix proteins and pleated sheets.

A

a helix - they are flexible , elastic
sheet- stable and strong

51
Q

how is the tertiary structure formed in proteins.

A

formed when primary and secondary structure are folded into complicated 3d shapes

52
Q

how are tertiary protein structures held in place

A

by hydrogen bonds , disulphide bridges and ionic bonds between the amino accids

53
Q

why is the tertiary structure important?

A

because the enzymes give the molecules its uniqueactive site hence determining which substrates can fit.

54
Q

what is the quaternary structure in proteins

A

formed when two or more polypeptide chains are linked together to form one larger complex protein.

55
Q

what are lipids mostly used for

A

as energy stores and as structural components in organisms

56
Q

what elements can be found in lipids?

A

hydrogen
carbon
oxygen

57
Q

what is the most common type of lipid

A

a triglyceride

58
Q

what are some functions of lipids.

A

protection around vital organs
electrical insulation more efficient transfer of nerve impulses
waterproofing on feathers and external layers

59
Q

what are tryglicerides amde up of

A

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

60
Q

what are fatty acids

A

hydrcarbon chain with a carboxyilic group

61
Q

in what ways do fatty acids differ

A

the length of the chain and weather they are staurated or unsaturated.

62
Q

what are the diffferences between saturated and unsaturated

A

saturated have single bond , has no kinks and more hydrogen
unaturated have at least one double bond , chain has kinks in them , less hydrogen than in saturated

63
Q

in what structure do fibrous proteins form

A

do not exceed the secondary structure

64
Q

what is collagen made up of

A

3 polypeptides
alpha chains
forms a triple helix

65
Q

what do globular proteins made up of

A

4 polypeptide chains
has haem group which contains iron

66
Q
A

biology (3 decks)

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