mammalian transport systems and cardiovasculsr health

Question 1

what is needed for effective transfer of materials

Answer 1

-large sa to vol ratio
-short diffusion pathway
-partially permeable to allow materials to cross without obstruction

Question 2

what is the role of av valves

Answer 2

they prevent backflow from ventricles back to atria

Question 3

wht is the role of the semi lunar valve

Answer 3

to prevent backflow into the ventricles

Question 4

mammals have 2 circulatory systems … what are they

Answer 4

pulmonary system and systemic system

Question 5

what are the components of the circulatory system

Answer 5

heart
blood vessels
blood

Question 6

what type of muscle is the heart made up of

Answer 6

cardiac muscle

Question 7

what special property does cardiac muscle have

Answer 7

it doesnt tire

Question 8

the cardiac cycle has four steps.. what are they

Answer 8

1.diastole(realxation)
2.systole(contrsction)
2.atrial systole
3.ventriculr systole

Question 9

what is the cardiac cycle

Answer 9

sequence of events that happens during one heartbeat

Question 10

what properties do capillaries have

Answer 10

have no valves
narrow lumen
can fit between cells
blood is at low pressure
thin walls

Question 11

what properties do veins have

Answer 11

contains valves to prevent backflow
carries blood to the heart
large lumen to help blood flow
blood at low pressure

Question 12

what properties do arteries have

Answer 12

blood is at high pressure
small lument to maintain blood pressure
have no valves
thick elastivc walls with fiblres
carries blood away from the heart

Question 13

what is transported in the blood

Answer 13

nutrients
antibodies
carbon dioxide hormones
oxygen
urea
heat

Question 14

what are erythrocytes

Answer 14

red blood cells

Question 15

what are leucocites

Answer 15

white blood cells

Question 16

what are platelets

Answer 16

cell fragmentsthat assist in blood clotting

Question 17

properties of red blood cells

Answer 17

contain haemoglobin
no nucleus
make room for o2
biconcave disk
large surface area

Question 18

what is the blood clotting proccess

Answer 18

damaged tissue
rleases platelets
release thromboplastin
thromboplastin catalises
prothrombin
ca2
thrombin catalises
fibrinogen goes to fibrin
forms a clot

Question 19

what is vasoconstriction

Answer 19

when hurt the blood is directed away from the damages vessels to prevent blood loss

Question 20

what is thromboplastin and what does it do

Answer 20

it is an enzime which in the presence of calcium ions catalises the version of an inactive enzyme prothrombin into the enzyme thrombin

Question 21

what increases heart rate

Answer 21

exercise
adrenaline
anger
atress
anxiety

Question 22

what decreases heart rate

Answer 22

sleep
digesting
beta blockers

Question 23

ethics for investigating heart rate in daphnia

Answer 23

very simple organism
easier to see heartbeat

Question 24

ethics against investigating heart rate in daphnia

Answer 24

cant be sure what they feel
daphnia could die
not good comparison to humans

Question 25

describe how haemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen from the blood

Answer 25

loads onto heamoglobin at high partiall pressure in the lungs haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen tissues have low partial pressure of oxygen as it has been used in respiration tissue haemoglobin has lower affinity for oxygen haemoglobin unloads oxgen at low partiall pressure

Question 25

what is haemoglobin

Answer 25

it is a globular protein , its structure is curled so that the hydrophilic side chains can face outward and hydrophobic side chains face inwards .this amkes haemogloblin soluble and therefore good for transport in the blood

Question 26

what is cvd

Answer 26

any condition that interferes with the coronary arteries

Question 26

outcomes of atheroscleosis

Answer 26

myocardial infarction / heart attack angina - reduces oxygen to heart produces lactic acid stroke- aneurism- weakened artery splits open resulting in internal bleeding high blood pressure- damages eyes and kidneys

Question 27

what are lipoproteins

Answer 27

combination of lipid , protein , and cholesterol used to transport fats and cholesterol around the body soluble in water not eaten it is made in the body there are 2 types - high density lipoproteins - low density lipoproteins

Question 27

cholesterol properties

Answer 27

needed in cell membranes to make steroid sex hormones similar properties to triglicerides insoluble found on food made by liver from saturated fats too much is harmful

Question 28

how amny types of cvd treatments are there

Answer 28

4 antihypertensives plant statins anticoagulants platelet inhibatory drug