Biomolecules

Question 1

Solvency of amino acids with polar R-groups

Answer 1

hydrophilic

Question 2

Solvency of amino acids with non-polar R-groups

Answer 2

hydrophobic

Question 3

Number of different R groups in the universe

Answer 3

20 (20 different amino acids)

Question 4

Oligopeptides

Answer 4

Fewer than 15 amino acids

Question 5

Peptide

Answer 5

Another name for amino acid. Peptides are short chains of amino acids.

Question 6

Polypeptide

Answer 6

Greater than 15 amino acids

Question 7

Peptide Bond

Answer 7

A bond that joins amino acids together. Created through dehydration synthesis.

Question 8

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 8

A straight chain of amino acids

Question 9

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 9

Alpha helix (coiled) or beta-pleated sheet (folded) shapes created when a chain of amino acids is stabilized/held together by hydrogen bonds.

Question 10

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 10

Proteins final, 3-D shape involving ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds. Interaction of large segments to each other and surrounding water. Vital for function.

Question 11

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 11

2 or more separate polypeptide chains interacting (several tertiary structures working together)

Question 12

7 Protein Functions

Answer 12

Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

Question 13

3 Key Protein Functions

Answer 13

Structure - shape, muscle, hair, skin
Metabolic - forms enzymes for catalysis
Hormonal - some hormones are proteins (insulin)

Question 14

Protein Conformation

Answer 14

The overall 3-D shape of protein; vital for function. Protein able to change shape - opening and closing of cell membrane pores.

Question 15

Protein Denaturation

Answer 15

Drastic conformation change that destroys a protein’s function. Caused by extreme heat or pH. Is often permanent.

Question 16

3 Factors Affecting Protein Action

Answer 16

High Temperature - denature
pH - denature
Heavy Metals - alter enzyme action

Question 17

Carbohydrate Fomula

Answer 17

(CH2O)n n = number of carbon atoms

Question 18

Glucose Formula

Answer 18

glucose has 6 carbon, so formula is C6H12O6

Question 19

Solvency of Carbs

Answer 19

hydrophilic

Question 20

Simple Sugar

Answer 20

monosaccharides

Question 21

Ring Structures

Answer 21

6-Carbon ring = hexose
5-Carbon ring = pentose

Question 22

3 Major Monosaccharides

Answer 22

glucose, galactose, fructose (mainly produced by digestion of complex carbs)

Question 23

CH2O Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 23

monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
bond formed called glycosidic bond

Question 24

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 24

C-O-C bond formed by dehydration synthesis of carbs

Question 25

Dehydration Synthesis of Glucose

Answer 25

Glucose bonds together to form a maltose and H2O

Question 26

3 major dissaccharides

Answer 26

Sucrose (glucose and fructose) Lactose (glucose and galactose) Maltose (glucose x 2)

Question 27

3 Polysaccharides

Answer 27

Starch, cellulose, glycogen formed by long chains of glucose

Question 28

amylase enzyme

Answer 28

breaks down starch into maltose

Question 29

Starch Conformation

Answer 29

bonds point down, straight chain

Question 30

Cellulose Conformation

Answer 30

bonds alternate directions, can form hydrogen bonds

Question 31

Glycogen Conformation

Answer 31

bonds point down, more branches than starch

Question 32

Cellulose Functions

Answer 32

structure to plants, fiber to human diet

Question 33

Glycogen Function

Answer 33

energy storage produced by animals

Question 34

Starch Hydrolysis

Answer 34

Digestion of starch occurs by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. Produces maltose

Question 35

Carbohydrate Function

Answer 35

Sources of energy

Question 36

Conjugated Carbs

Answer 36

- glycolipids (found on external surface of cell membrane) - glycoproteins (found if external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tract) - proteoglycans (protein component dominant, cell adhesion, gelatinous filter of tissue (eyes), lubricates joints

Question 37

Conjugated Carbs

Answer 37

- glycolipids (found on external surface of cell membrane) - glycoproteins (found if external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tract) - proteoglycans (protein component dominant, cell adhesion, gelatinous filter of tissue (eyes), lubricates joints

Question 38

Primary Types of Lipids

Answer 38

1. fatty acids 2. triglycerides 3. phospholipids 4. eicosanoids 5. steroids

Question 39

Fatty Acids

Answer 39

A chain of 4-24 carbon atoms

Question 40

Saturated Fats

Answer 40

Carbon atoms saturated with hydrogens, no double bonds. Solid at room temp.

Question 41

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 41

Carbon atoms contain double or triple bonds (can be broken to bond to more hydrogen). Liquid at room temp.

Question 42

Triglyeride Synthesis

Answer 42

3 fatty acids + glycerol = triglyeride + 3 H20

Question 43

Neutral Fats

Answer 43

Triglycerides known as neutral fats, during synthesis, fatty acids bond with carboxyl (acid) groups, therefore losing acidity

Question 44

Functions of Triglycerides

Answer 44

Store energy, also insulation, shock absoption in organs.

Question 45

Solid Triglycerides

Answer 45

Fats, saturated from animals

Question 46

Liquid Triglycerides

Answer 46

Oils, polyunsaturated from plants

Question 47

Phospholipid Structure

Answer 47

Polar, hydrophilic head (phosphate + glycerol) & non-polar, hydrophobic tail (2 fatty acids)

Question 48

Steroid Structure

Answer 48

4-ringed backbone (cholesterol) with variations in the functional groups and location of double bonds

Question 49

Bond Between Amino Acids

Answer 49

Peptide Bond

Question 50

Bond Between Amino Acids

Answer 50

Peptide Bond