Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 12 > DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Polymers of nucleotides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of DNA

A

provides code for cell’s activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of RNA

A

converts code into proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Parts of a nucleotide

A

1 pentose sugar, 1 nitrogenous base, 1 phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

adenine and thymine or uracil
guanine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pyridimines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil
have a single ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine
have a double ring structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hydrogen Bonds Between Nitrogenous Bases

A

adenine and thymine/uracil form 2 hydrogen bonds
guanine and cytosine form 3 hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Function

A

an energy source for cellular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ATP Components

A

adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Formation of ADP & ATP

A

when a phosphate group is removed from atp, energy is released and ADP forms.
when energy is absorbed by ADP and a phosphate group bonds to ADP, ATP is formed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

3 DNA Functions

A

replicates itself, mutates, aids in control of cell activities (involved in protein synthsis, proteins carry out activities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DNA Replication

A
  1. two strands of DNA “unzip” (hydrogen bonds broken by helicase)
  2. nucleotides move to position by way of complementary base pairing (A-T, G-C)
  3. adjacent nucleotides become joined together by DNA polymerase
  4. 2 identical DNA molecules produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Types of RNA

A
  • Messenger (mRNA): copy of DNA
  • Ribosomal (rRNA): docking site fo mRNA
  • Transfer (tRNA): “taxi” of amino acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gene Expression

A

The synthsis of a protein from a gene sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Processes of Gene Expression

A

Transcription and Translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transcrition

A

In the nucleus, DNA double helix is split (HB broken), RNA polymerase reads DNA and constructs mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Translation

A

Occurs in cytoplasm, mRNA is translated into a protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Translation Steps

A

**1. Initiation **(ribosome assembles near start codon on mRNA (AUG), and tRNA brings anticodon with amino acid methionine
2. Elongation (ribosome moves along mRNA, tRNA brings amino acids and they are added to polypeptide chain)
3. Termination (stop codon enters ribosome, polypeptide chain is released)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Mutations

A

Permanent change in dna base sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mutagens

A

environmental factors (radiation, chemicals) that damage dna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Point Mutation

A

Affects only one base pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Types of Point Mutations

A
  1. silent (no change)
  2. missense (change in aa sequence)
  3. nonsense (stop codon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

one or more nucleotides inserted or deleted, results in shift of reading frame or insertion of a stop codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Cell Theory
The basic theory of biology that states: - all living things are made of cells - all cells come from pre-existing cells - the cell is the smallest unit of life
26
Cell Size & Surface Area
smaller cells have more surface area to volume ratio
27
Why do larger cells require specialized compartments (organelles)
The larger size, the less surface area to volume ratio exchange nutrients
28
Endomembrane System
organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that modify, package, transport lipids and proteins including endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles
29
Endomembrane System Functions
modify, transport, package proteins and lipids
30
Endoplasmic Reticulum
tubular canals for intracellular transport
31
Rough ER
- ribosomes attached to cytosolic side of its membrane - proteins fold and undergo modifications (such as addition of carb side chains) - proteins packaged into vesicles and shipped to golgi apparatus
32
Smooth ER
Few or no ribosomes attached. Lipids synthesized and packaged into vesicles for transport to golgi.
33
Golgi Apparatus
- proteins and lipids enter on cis face (side facing ER) - proteins and lipids modified as they move through - modified proteins sorted and packaged into vesicles that bud from the trans face of the golgi - vesicles deliver their contents to parts of the cell where they will be used
34
Lysosomes
membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes to digest old and unnecassary structures and pathogens
35
Vacuole
Large membranous sac that stores food, water, waste
36
Cytoskeleton
Proteins that help cell maintain shape and move. Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.
37
Actin Filaments and Function
two strands of actin proteins wound togethre in a spiral. Aids in cytokinesis and movement of cell.
38
Intermediate Filaments
proteins that support cell shape. Ex) keratin in hair
39
Microtubules
- made of proteins a-tubulin (alpha) and b-tubulin (beta) - involved in cell division and cell transport - includes centrioles (tubes of microtubules used in cell division) and cilia and flagella
40
Chloroplasts
Location of photosynthesis (plants)
41
Stroma
colourless fluid surrounding the grana in chloroplasts. Contains circular DNA and ribosomes
42
Grana
Stacks of thylakoids
43
Thylakoids
Contains green pigment called chlorophyll. Photosynthsis occurs here.
44
Photosynthesis
- light energy + H2O + CO2 = glucose + O2 - chlorophyll pigment absorbs light energy
45
Mitochondria
Location of cellular respiration (found in both plants and animals)
46
Inner Membrane of Mitochondria
folds in on itself to form cristae, this allows for more surface area for the reactions in cellular respiration to occur
47
Intermembrane Space
Space between the two membranes.
48
Matrix
Space enclosed by the inner membrane. Contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.
49
Cellular Respiration
glucose + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP
50
Function of carbohydrates (glycoproteins and glycolipids) in the cell membrane
Cell Recognitiin
51
Proteins in Cell Membrane
peripheral and integral
52
Lipids in Cell Membrane
phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol
53
Plant Cell Function
structural support and shape
54
Nucleus Function
Controls cell by protein synthesis
55
Nuclear Envelope
The double membrane surrounding the nucleus
56
nucleolus
non-membrane bound region where rRNA joins with proteins to form ribosomes
57
Nuclear Pore
allows passage in and out of nucleus for ribosomes, proteins and RNA
58
Prokaryotic Cells
- smaller - more surface area to volume ratio - represented by domains bacteria and archaea - have nucleoid region - no membrane bound organelles
59
Eukaryotic
- larger - nucleus - membrane bound organelles - domain eukarya
60
Plant Cells
- cell wall - large vacuole - chloroplasts
61
Animals
- lysosomes - centrioles - many smaller vacuoles
62
Selectively permeable
cell membrane selects what can pass
63
Steps of Transcription
double helix seperated by breaking of bonds one strand is read by RNA polymerase RNA polymerase constructs mRNA strand

Biology 12 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions