Biomolecules Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Molecules that exist in all living things
A
Organic Molecules
2
Q
Four categories of Org. Molec.
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
3
Q
Another name for biomolecules
A
Biogenic substances
4
Q
4 characteristics of biomolecules
A
- C-based
- Made of monomers (to make polymers)
- Made of only one type of monomer
- Form determines function
5
Q
Building blocks of carbohydrates
A
Sugars
6
Q
Building blocks of lipids
A
Glycerol and Fatty acids
7
Q
Building blocks of proteins
A
Amino acids
8
Q
Building blocks of nucleic acids
A
Nucleotides
9
Q
Bond/s between carbohydrates
A
Glycosidic
10
Q
Bond/s between lipids
A
Ester
11
Q
Bond/s between proteins
A
Peptide
12
Q
Bond/s between Nucleic Acids
A
- Phosphodiester - phosphate and pentose sugars
2. Hydrogen - nitrogenous bases
13
Q
Repeating units in biomolecules
A
Monomers
14
Q
Number of monomers in dimer
A
2
15
Q
monomers in oligomer
A
3-10
16
Q
Determines behavior and reactivity of biomolecules
A
Shape
17
Q
Most common org. Molec.
A
Carbohydrates
18
Q
Ratio of C:H:O in Carbohydrates
A
1:2:1
19
Q
Carbohydrate formula
A
(CH2O) n
20
Q
Basis of Carbohydrate classifications
A
Chain length
21
Q
Simple sugars
A
Monosaccharides
22
Q
Suffix of monosaccharides
A
-ose
23
Q
What do monosaccharides consist of
A
Carbon rings
24
Q
Functional group in monosaccharides
A
Carboxyl Group
Aldehyde @end & Ketone @ middle
25
Basis of naming of monosaccharides
of Carbons in backbone
26
Kinds of Disaccharides
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
(LMS)
27
Lactose =
Glucose + Galactose
28
Sucrose =
Glucose + Fructose
29
Maltose =
Glucose + Glucose
30
Functions of Polysaccharides
1. Short-term energy storage
| 2. Structural Components
31
Polysaccharide Short term energy storage (enumerate)
Starch
| Glycogen
32
Starch (Plant or Animal)
Plant
33
Starch contains....
Amylose and amylopectin
34
Amylose (branched/unbranched)
Unbranched
35
Amylopectin (branched/unbranched)
Branched
36
Glycogen (Plants or Animals)
Animals
37
Glycogen is abundant in what cells
Liver & muscle
38
Is glycogen branched or unbranched
Branched
39
If blood sugar levels are low, what does glycogen do?
Break down to glucose
40
Cellulose (plant/animal)
Plant
41
Chitin (plant/animal)
Animal
42
Most abundant bipolymer
Cellulose
43
Cellulose is found in...
Cell walls and wood
44
Cellulose is indigestible for humans because we lack the enzyme...
Cellulase
45
Chitin is found in...
Anthropod skeletons
| Fungal cell walls
46
Repeating units of chitin
N-acetyl- beta- d-glucosamine
47
Benefits of carbohydrates
1. Short term energy storage
| 2. Soluble and insoluble elements (ex. Fiber)
48
1g carbohydrate = n kcal
n= 4.3kcal
49
Fiber functions
1. Removes cholesterol
| 2. Speeds up bowel movement
50
Lipid polarity
Non-polar
51
Lipids have (higher/lower) numbers of C, H, O
Lower
52
Functions of Lipids
1. Long-term energy storage
2. Insulation
3. Protection and Waterproofing
4. Structural Components
53
1. Long-term energy storage
Fats & oils
54
2. Insulation
Blubber
55
3. Protection and Waterproofing
Waxes
Cell Membrane
Oils
56
4. Structural Components
Part of Cell membrane
57
Fats and oils are known as ...
Triglycerides
58
Fats are from..
Animals
59
Fats are ____ @ room temp
Solid
60
Oils come from...
Plants
61
Oils are ____ @ room temp
Liquid
62
Triglyceride =
Glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
63
Kinds of fatty acid chains
Saturated and unsaturated
64
Saturated have ____ chains
Straight
65
Unsaturated have ____ chains
Crooked
66
What are the fatty acid tails saturated/unsaturated with?
Hydrogen
67
Which fatty acid has double bonds in C
Unsaturated
68
Phospholipid =
Phosphate head + glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains
69
Replaces 1 fatty acid chain in phospholipid
Phosphate head
70
Another name for steroidz
Sterols
71
Steroids are ____carbons
Hydrocarbons
72
Steroids:
| C arranged in (#) linked rings
4
73
Essential components of cell membrane
Cholesterol
| Phospholipids
74
Cholesterol aids in the production of ...
Sex hormones
75
Sex hormones produced by cholesterol
Estrogen
| Testosterone
76
Waxes =
Long chain fatty acids + long chain alcohols
77
Solid @ room temp & high Melting Point (MP)
Waxes
78
Function of waxes
Protection
| Prevention of Water loss
79
Benefits of Lipids
1. Essential Fatty Acids
2. Fat-Soluble vitamins
3. Long-term energy storage
80
Essential fatty acids ...
Cannot be synthesized by body
81
Examples of essential fatty acids
Omega-3
| Omega-6
82
```
Reduce risk of heart attacks
Reduce levels of triglyceride in blood
Lower BP
Prevent thrombosis
Prevent blood clotting
```
Benefits of Omega-3 & 6
83
Elements involved in Proteins
C H O N S
84
Kinds of Proteins
Functional & Structural
85
Monomers of proteins
Amino acids
86
Amino acid =
Amino group - C H - R group -Carboxyl Group
87
Determines nature of amino acid
R group
88
types of amino acids
20
89
#types essential amino acids
10
90
Amino acids:
| What determines shape, size & function?
```
Sequence of amino acids
# of amino acids
```
91
Polypeptide =
Amino acid---Amino acid----Amino acid
---- : peptide bond
92
As peptide bond forms, ____ is released
H2O / water
93
Seq. of Amino acids w/i a polypeptide chain
Primary structure
94
Involved in Secondary protein structure
Alpha-pleated and Beta-helix sheets
95
Causes folding of Amino acid into alpha and beta sheets
H-bonds on backbone
96
Causes 3D folding in tertiary structure
R-group interactions
97
Components of Quaternary structure
Multiple polypeptide chains
98
Protein used for: support
Collagen & keratin
99
Protein used for: transport
Hemoglobin (in blood)
| Transport proteins
100
Protein used for: nutrition
Egg yolk
101
Protein used for: hormones
Insulin
102
Protein used for: defense
Antibodies
103
Protein used for: movement
Contractile proteins
104
Nucleic acid =
Pentose sugar + nitrogenous base + phosphate group
105
DNA nitrogenous bases
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine
(CGAT)
106
RNA Nitrogenous bases
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil
(CGAU)
SIKAT SI GAWWWW (CGAT CGAU)
107
Test for monosaccharides
Benedict's Reagent
108
Test for starch
Iodine
109
Test for fats & oils
Denatured alcohol
| Sudan red
110
Test for proteins
Biuret Reagent
111
Expected Result for benedict's reagent
Blue >> Green >> Red Orange >> Brick Red
112
Expected Result for iodine
Bluish black
113
Expected Result for denatured alcohol
Oil on top of "water"
| Layer
114
Expected Result for Sudan Red
Red oil droplets
115
Expected Result for Biuret Reagent
Purple
