Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

(57 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the essential molecules for life

A

Carbs
Nucleotides and nucleic acids
Lipids
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define an organic molecule

A

Contains carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Definition of a biomolecule

A

Organic molecule that is commonly associated with life

Carbs
Lipids
nucleic acids
Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the formula for carbs

A

CnH2nOn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe carbs

A

Hydrophilic
Abundant
Used for structure and energy
Almost all eukaryotic cells use glucose for energy
Plants use carbs as structural
Proteins and lipids are modified by the addition of carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some monosaccharides

A 
Simple sugars
Ribose 
Fructose 
Galactose
Glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are disaccharides

A

Consists of glucose and another monosaccharides

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are polysaccharide

A

Glucose polymers
Store glucose in the form of polysaccharide

Glycogen
Chitin
Cellulose
Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are nucleotides

A

Consist of one or more phosphate group a 5 carbon sugar and a 3 carbon nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

The structure of the nitrogenous base determines whether the nucleotide is

Adenosine
Cytosine
Guanosine
Thymidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate

A

Basic molecule of energy storage in most organisms including mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What important signalling molecule is within cells

A 
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Adenosine monophosphate

Cyclic GMP (cGMP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is adenosine

A

A neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

An energy source in many physiological chemical reactions

A

Guanosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do lipids contain

Are they hydrophobic or Phillic

A

Generally hydrophobic molecules

Contain mostly carbon and hydrogen few oxygen atoms nitrogen phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are different types of lipids

A 
Fatty acids 
Glycerides
Phospholipids and sphingoloipds
Steroids
Eicosanoids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the roles of lipids

A

Structure of cells

  • waterproof so keeps insides in outsides out
  • pliable

Energy source

Communication (within cells and between cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Double bonds

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Glycerides

A

Mono glycerides
One glycerol and one fatty acid

Diglyceride
One glycerol and two fatty acids

Triglyceride
One glycerol and three fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Phospholipids

A

One glycerol and two fatty acids

Plus a phosphate and variable R group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phospholipids are _____ molecules which means

Study These Flashcards
A

Amphipathic

Molecules have polar heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (hydrophobic)
R group is polar group

24
Q

Phospholipid bilateral forms a __

25
Droplets of phospholipids
Micelles
26
Liposomes have a ____ centre
Aqueous
27
What are sphingolipids
A sphingosine Fatty acid Phosphate Variable
28
What are glycophospholipid
A phospholipid plus a carbohydrate
29
What are steroids
Consists of three six carbon rings plus one five carbon ring (17 carbons)
30
What roles do steroids play
Communication and cell structure Different functional groups (R groups) confer different function
31
What are eicosanoids
Main chain consists of 20 carbon atoms Derived from the fatty acid arachadonic acid
32
Main function of eicosanoids
Communication within cells and between cells
33
What are proteins
Macromolecules Chains of amino acids 20 amino acids encoded by the universal genetic code
34
Amino acids
22 amino acids 2 are additional and may be incorporated 9 are essential and need to consume 11 are non essential and we can synthesize them Acidic basic polar non polar
35
A short chain of amino acids are called
A peptide
36
Longer chains of amino acids are called
Proteins
37
What are the 4 structures of proteins
``` Primary structure(line) Secondary structure(helix sheets) Tertiary structure(ribbon) Quaternary structure (fibrous globular) ```
38
Genome
The sequence of amino acids that is encoded
39
Proteins are ___ of cells
Molecular tools
40
Insoluble protein Soluble protein
Fibrous Globular
41
How many categories of soluble proteins are there
7
42
What are the 7 soluble proteins
``` Enzymes Membrane transporters Signal molecules Receptors Binding proteins Regulatory proteins Immunoglobulins ```
43
In order for a protein to do something it must do what
Interact with or bind to other proteins molecules or ions
44
A molecule that binds to a protein binding site is called a __
Ligand
45
What are endogenous Ligands
Something natural in your body | Ie) a hormone or neurotransmitter
46
Example of non endogenous
A drug or toxin
47
Define affinity
High affinity means it binds strongly Weak affinity means weak binding
48
A protein binds a ligand with ___
Affinity
49
Define an agonist
A ligand that binds to a protein binding site and alters the state of the protein resulting in a biological response A hormone or neurotransmitter or a drug for example
50
Define an antagonist
A ligand that reduces the action of an agonist Binds but causes no biological response
51
What is an allosteric antagonist
Act to block the agonist by binding to the protein away from the binding site and inactivate the binding site Also called inhibitor or blocker
52
What is the rate of protein activity
Has a measurable rate Often depends on amount of protein and concentration of ligand Has a maximum rate (saturation)
53
How does amount of Protein (concentration) change the rate of activity
Reaction rate depends on the amount of protein | The more protein the fast the reaction rate is The more workers the more work done
54
How does amount of ligand change the reaction rate
The amount of binding protein is held constant the reaction rate depends on the amount of ligand up to the saturation point Like an elevator only room for so many people
55
Rate of protein binding and activity can be modulated by
Isoforms (closely related proteins) Activation Physical factors (ph temp) Modulation
56
What is modulation that alter protein binding
Covalent modification - phosphorylation and dephosphorylation - addition of lipid or carbohydrate Agonists and antagonists
57
Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can modulate rates of protein activity by
Enzymes called kinases covalently add phosphates Phosphatases remove them Phosphorylation may cause activation or inhibition

Physiology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions