BioPsyc Chapter 3 Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
NFL tie in
A
Easterling and Duerson - concussions → progressive brain damage → suicide
2
Q
How many nerve cells in the brain
A
100 billion
3
Q
Define Neurons
A
NEurons - cells in the nervous system that communicate with each other to perform information processing tasks
4
Q
What did Cajal do
A
Golgi stain to see the three parts of the neuron
5
Q
Define the Cell body
A
Cell body (soma) of neuron - coordinates processing of info/keeps the cell alive - contains the nucleus
6
Q
Define Dendrite
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Greek - tree - receives info from other neutrons & relays to cell body
7
Q
Explain Axons
A
Axons - carry info to the neutrons, muscles, glands - very long up to 1 m - from spinal cord to toe; Dendrite-INBOX - AXON-OUTBOX
8
Q
Define Myelin Sheath
A
myelin sheath covers axon - fatty material composed of glial cells
9
Q
Define glial cells/ functions
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Glial cells support cell in nervous syst. 1 - digest parts of dead neurons 2 physical/nutritional support for neurons - 3 form myelin
10
Q
Demyelinating diseases
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multiple sclerosis - myelin sheath deteriorates - slows neuron transmission ie loss of feeling overcome
11
Q
Define Synapse + how many
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junction between axon of one neutron and the dendrites / cell body of another - 100-500 trillion synapses in adults - info transmit across synapse = neuron communication
12
Q
Sensory Neurons
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Receive info from the external world-conveyed to the brain and spinal cord i.e. In eyes-sensitive to light
13
Q
motor neurons
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signals to muscles produces movement
14
Q
interneurons
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Connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, othe interneurons - MOST COMMON
15
Q
specialized neurons example
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1 purkinjie cells - info from cerebellum 2 pyramidal cerebral cortex 3 bipolar cells - eyesight
16
Q
how fast do signals travel in the body
A
25-200 kPH
17
Q
Explain Hodgkin and Huxley’s contribution
A
studied giant quid axons -found difference in charge inside + outside = resting potential
18
Q
Electrochemical Action
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1 conduction - signal within neurons - dendrite → cell body → axon 2 transmission - movement of signals of synapse = Electrochemical Action
19
Q
Resting Potential
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- difference in electric charge in/out of Neuron’s cell membrane - arises from difference in [ion] - more K+ inside → so they move out - leave (-70Mv) charge inside; Resting Potential = potential energy - creates place for possible elec. impulse
20
Q
Depolarization
A
Normally K+ flows out and Na+ blocked from going in - but in Depolarization → Na+ flows IN to axon - makes it less negatively charged
21
Q
what is Action Potential
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The electric impulse - Action Potential - an electric signal conducted along length of axon to synapse - “all or none” - not enough stimulation = none, enough = consistent; from loss of K+ and flow of NA+ in = the process
22
Q
Refractory period
A
time after action potential when new action potential CANNOT be initiated - reversed to start by chemical pump - NA+ back out - K+ back in
23
Q
Average firing limit (from refractory period)
A
30-500 times/sec
24
Q
Intensity of stimulus changes THIS:
A
of neurons firing - frequency of individual neurons DOES NOT change action potential
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what is Saltatory conduction
charge jumps through myelin to “nodes of Ranvier” - domino effect - speeds the flow of concentration
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Terminal buttons
Like structures that branch out from the axon
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neurotransmitters
In vesicles-chemicals that transmit info across the synapse to receiving dendrites
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Why are neurotransmitters short-lived
One drift away 2 inactivated by enzymes 3 removed through a re-uptake
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Receptors
Of the cell membrane to receive neurotransmitters-initiate or prevent new electric signal
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Presynaptic neuron
Sending neuron where the message comes from
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explain synaptic transmission
Neurotransmitters float across the synapse - bind to receptor sites - Communication, thoughts emotion
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Nero transmitter prevalence
Different types for different places
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Three-stepSynapse process
One reuptake-Nero transmitter is reabsorbed by presynaptic neuron’s axon 2 enzyme deactivation-transmitters broken down 3 auto receptors-detect excess -stop flow
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Acetycholine (ACh)
Neurotransmitter ACh - many functions ie voluntary motor - no ACh = botulism paralysis also Alzheimer’s death
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Dopamine
transmitter Dopamine - regulates motor behaviour, pleasure, aruosal - role in addiction, high levels = schizophrenia, low levels = parkinson
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Serotonin
transmitter - regulation of sleep, eating, aggressive behaviour - low levels = mood disorders - Porzac slows release - more useful less reuptake
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Orexin
transmitter - eating, sleep
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Glutamate
transmitter - excitatory in brain - enhances info transmission - too much = seizures
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GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid - primary inhibitory transmitter - stops firing puts glutamate in check
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Norepinephrine
transmitter - danger vigilance
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Endorphins
transmitter - pain pathways/emotion centers “runner’s high”
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What all those neurotransmitters do
normal functioning needs a delicate balance of each - imbalances CAN occur naturally - or drug induced
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FACT: Electric charge of the action potential takes the form they can cross the synaptic gap
FACT: 60 -100 chemicals are neurotransmitters
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FACT drugs mimic neurotransitters
FACT drug use affects brain function
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Agonists
drugs that INCREASE the action of a neurotransmitter
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L-Dopa
(agonist) L-Dopa treats Parkinsons - increase Dopamine - works less well over time ? Michael J Fox
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Amphetamine-Cocaine Combo
Agonists Amphetamine - releases norepinephrine/dope; Cocaine - prevents norep/dope reuptake= FLOODS synapse=increased receptor activation = euphoria+energy - can lead to heart attack
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Prozac
relieves depression - Serotonin reuptake inhibitor - Agonist
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Clonidine
Agonist - Clonidine binds to autoreceptors - prevent their inhibitory effect
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nicotine
agonist - binds to post-synaptic receptor sites - activate = increased neurotransmitters
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Antagonists def
Antagonists BLOCK funciton of neurotransmitter vs Agonists increase func
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Caffeine/Botulinium
Antagonists - they activate autoreceptors - inhibit release of neurotransmitters
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Beta-blockers
Antagonists - ie propanalol - block transmitters from binding on post- synaptic receptors
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Meth
affects pathways for dope, seortonin, etc - antagonist
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Endocrine system
glands that secrete hormones
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Define nervous System
network of neurons - convey electrochemical info throuought the body
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CNS
Central Nervous System - brain + spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
Connects CNS to organs/muscles
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Somatic Nervous System
conveys between VOLUNTARY MSUCLES / CNS
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Automatic Nervous system
controls involuntary organs ie blood vessels heart 2 Subs: 1 sympathetic 2 parasympathetic
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Sympathetic Nervous System + Example
prepares body for action against threat ie danger alley - pupils dilate, heart rate faster
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Parasympathetic NS
undoes sympathetic, returns body to normal resting state
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Symp + Parasymp Control
they coordinate many functions ie sexual behaviour - anxiety disrupts this balance
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Spinal Cord functions
beathing, moving, etc - puts higher processing to action
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Spinal reflexes
no brain instructions needed for basic responses/ contractions
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Spinal injury + superman
where the injury occurs = damage done ie Chris Reeve superman
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Brain weight
3 pounds - simpler funcitons @ lower levels
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Hindbrain
continuous with the spinal cord - coordintates info in/out of spinal cord
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Hindrain Structures
Medulla, reticular formation, cerebellum, pons
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Medulla
extension of spinal cord into skull - heart ratte, circulation, respiration
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Reticualr Formation
regulates sleep, wake, arousal
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cerbellum
"little brain" fine motor skills
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Pons
bridge - relays cerbellum info to rest of brain
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Midbrain
small in humans - 1 tectum, 2 tegmentum
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Tectum
orients an organism to environment ie swivel @ sound
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Tegmentum
movement and arousal - mood from here
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Forebrain
highest level - cognitive/emotional - ovverrides other parts in humans
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Cerebral cortex
outermost layer - visible - 2 hemis
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Subcortical structures def + list
subcortical - udner cerebral cortex near center - protected (between ears) 1 Thalamus 2 Hypothalamus 3 Pituaitary Gland 4 Limbic System 5 Basal Ganglia
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Thalamus
relays info from SENSES - transmit to cerebral ie seeing/smelling apple
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Hypothalamus
regulates body temp - hunger,thirst, sex - under thalamus
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Lesions @ hypothalamus
some lead to overeating - no appetite - electric stimualtion can make cats bite
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Pituitary Gland
master gland - hormones that direct other glands - ie breastfeeding releases oxytocin
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Limbic System
hpyothalamus, hippocampus, amygldala: motivation, emotion, learning, memory - subcorts meet cortex
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Hippocampus
seahorse - new memories then integrates into knowledge network for cortex storage ie damage- cant remember conversation
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Amygdala
tips of hippocampus (almond) - emotional memories ie haunted house
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what do the Basal Ganglia do
intentional movements and posture
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Parkinsons + Basal Ganglia
damaged so intentiona lmvmts not working - substantia niagra neurons damaged
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Gyri + Sulci
ridge on cerebral cortex - sulci = depressions - fold up cerbral cortex
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Brain organization across hemispheres
left/right - symmetrical in appearance
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Contralateral controls
right hemisphere from left side body, left hemi from right side body ie contralateral vision
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commisures
bundles of axons - make communication possible btwn parallels areas of the cortex in each half
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corpus callosum = commisure #1
large commisure - connects large areas of cerebral cortex on each side of the brain - supports communication acroos hemis - so right stuff registered in left half
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Organization WITHIN hemispheres
Lobes : Occipatal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, frontal lobe
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Occipatal lobe
processes viual info - contains primary visual cortex
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Parietal Lobe
process touch - somatosensory cortex - strip of tissue from top of brain down sides - represents skin areas contralateral surface of bod - homunculus - image showing somatsoensory importance - Motor cortex - another strip for movmtn
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Temporal Lobe
responsible for learning/lang - PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX like others
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Frontal lobe
specialized areas for mvmt, abstract thinking, planning, emmory, judgment - HUMANS
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association areas
areas of cerbral cortex - provide sense + meaning to the info - neurons here more flexible - can be shaped by learning ie noises ? meaning
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Mirror Neurons
active when seeing behaviour ie handshake
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Marc dax
lateralization of brain 1936 left/right
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Paul Broca
Aphasias - Broca's area - Monseiurg Leborne - "tan"
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Aphasias
braind dange defects
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Expressive Aphasias
individuals understand what they hear but CANNOT answer
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Receptive Aphasias
recpetive (wernicke's ) aphasias - individuals cant express meaning in speech/ understand
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Explain cerebral cortex hemispheric specialization
Left: analysis, right side mvmt, speech ,writing; RIGHT spatial construction, face recognition, non-verbal images, left side mvmt
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Evidence of brain lateralization
perceptual assymetry - info in right visual field (to LEFT brain0 analyzed more cuz left goes to right side - EEG Patterns
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Explain Brain Plasiticity
sensory cortices adapt to changes in environment - ability to be modified ie Phantom Limb syndrome due to this
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Benefits of brain plasticity
ie better motor cortex for musicians, taxi drivers, etc specialization - physcial excersise stimulates hippcampus
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Is the brain perfect?
No - brain is not perfect - so NOT like enchanted loom philosphers thought
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Explain CNS development in embryo
4th week 3 levels visible 5 th week forebrain.hindbrian subs, subs foldi n on each other
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Explain Brain ontegeny
ontogeny - how brain develops in individual - 8 weeks - structures done - other species much slower
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explain evolution of CNS from other species
Protozoa - molecules trigger cilia - Flatworms - first CNS - humans = best
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Explain HUMAN brain evolution
forebrain is refined - evolved quickly than other species - primates to human time also rapid
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Explain Nature/nuture
Nature - genetics vs nurutre environment - focus has shifted to determine interaction of the 2
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Explain genes + chromosomes
Genes = section of DNA , Chromosomes = threads of DNA - 22 pairs are autosomes - 23rd pair = sex chromosomes, XX in females, XY in males - Karyotype = representation of human chromosomes
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Explain degree of relatedness
probs of sharing gnees - identical twins from split egg = 100% - dizogtic twin like all siblings 50% - monozyg twins higher chance of same disease
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Explain epigentic
environmental influences that determine if genes are expressed & degree of expression - Does NOT alter DNA
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Epigenetic marks
chemical modifications to DNA - turn genes on / off from environmetn
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Genotype vs phenotype
genotype - inherited genes - phenotype - observable traits
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consequences of the fact that genes come in pairs
alleles - homo/hetero - dominant, recessive so recessive allels only seen in homozygous offspring
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Define DNa methylation + example
DNA methylation - adding methyl group to DNA - works as epigentic mark "epigenetic writer" - swticdhes genes on/off ie nurses high/low stress different methylation
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Histone Modification
another source of epigentic marks - chemical to histones involved in packagin DNA
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FACT - Genetic capabilites deffer with your individual capabilities
FACT: intelligence can be inherited - extraversion less so
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Heritability + ratio
measure of variablitiy of traits accounted for by genes - ratio = 0-1.00 - high inheritance = 1.00
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Heritabiltiy of humans
Moderate Range 0.3-0.6 - not all intelligence is genetics
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3 genetic disorders in humans
1 PKU (phenylketonuria) - single recessive gene on autosome - treated with special diet 2 red-green colour blindness - recessive trait by X chromosome so sex-linked 3 Huntington's disease - Woody guthrie
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4 heritability points
1 its an abstract concept - not specific genes 2 - pop concept not inidividuals 3 dpeendent on environment 4 Not fate
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explain licking & grooming effect
more LG = chilled out adult rats, less = high strung rats
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Why study damaged brain
To understand normal operation
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Explain Broca / Wernicke Areas
Broca's aea = spoken language, left frontal lobe Wernicker's area - lang. comprhension - upper left temporal lobe
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Phineas Gage
railroad work - pole through frontal lobe -quiet before now a irritable MF
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Split brain research + examples
Sperry , also Gazzinga, normal - info comes In and shared between hemis - split brain to treat epilepsy- info goes to left hemi and stays there ie could speak but could pick it up ( in left but not right)
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Split Brain chimeric face example
Brad&Leo - can answer leo cuz right side seen by left speech brain, point to brad, cuz left hand controlled by right seeing brain (contralateral vision)
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Hubert + Wiesel
mapped visual cortex - cortrast between light/dark areas - - has feature detectors - repsond to certain aspects of image
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EEG Electroencophalograph
EEG records electrical activity in brain- ie awake vs sleep
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List 2 neuroimaging techniques
1 structural brain imaging - basic 2 functional brain imaging - shows activity of tasks
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Explain strucutral brain imaging methods
1 CT computerized axial tomopgraphy - xrays 2 MRI - magnetic resonance - line up nuclei of molecules - then snap back into place - the energy scanned - good for soft tissue - 3 DTI diffusion tensor imaging - maps connectivity with pathways of water molecules
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Functional brain imaging techniques
1 PET scan (positron emission tomography) radioactive substance into bloodstream while tasks - harmless\ 2. fMRI - detects difference between oxy/deoxy hemoglobin when exposed to magnetic pulses
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fMRI over Pet advatages
1. no radiaoctive exposure 2 localizes change across BRIEFER periods
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what network does functional imaging show when subject at rest
default network
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insights from functional imaging
fusiform gyrus - Phineas gage - PET confirms different areas activated when listening
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Why cant fMRI be used to validate courtroom
fMRI results averaged - not just single individual
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Define brain death
irreversible loss of all brain functions
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Why use transcranial magnetic stimulation
cant ethically do brain damge - but can mimic with TMS
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Define transcranial magnetic stimulation +_ visual cortex example
activates/deactives cortex with mmagnetic pulse = temporary damagee ie motion dtectin damaged on visual cortex so CONC: visual cortex causes mtoion perception
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Explain fMRI TMS combos
TMS to mimic brain damge -fMRI to see where its occuring
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List 3 Brain myths
1 10% used 2 toddler stimuli dievolop brain 3 different learning types
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Heritabiltiy equation
find it online
