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Methods Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Empiricism

A

accurate knowledge can be acquired trough observation

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2
Q

Empirical Method

A

a set of rules and techniques for observation

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3
Q

Scientific Approach

A

events governed by lawful order

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4
Q

Theory

A

hypothetical explanation a natural phenomenon

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Falsfiable PREDICTION made by a theory

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6
Q

Operational Definition

A

description of x in concrete, measurable terms i.e. “piercing - 1 piercing/person NOT 500 gross

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7
Q

Instrument

A

can detect CONDITION from Op. Definition

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8
Q

Validity

A

goodness of an event defining a property i.e. - 1 pierce has validity// ie frequency of smiling valid to determine happiness

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9
Q

reliability

A

instrument produces same measurement when measuring same thing i.e.. smile detected same way for TUES/THURS

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10
Q

Power

A

instrument’s ability to detect small magnitudes of a property

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11
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

aspect of setting/enivronment - causes people to behave as THEY THINK others WANT THEM to BEHAVE

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

unobtrusive - in natural environment - ie Jane Goodall chimps ie Hawthorne effect: ANY manipulation increase productivity - felt special

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13
Q

Examples of Participation Observation

A

Abu Biruni (973-1048 bad example) - FESTINGER “When Prophecy Fails” with Cognitive Distance Theory

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14
Q

These are the goals of the scientific approach

A
  1. Description-Measurement 2. Understanding-Prediction 3. Application-Control
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15
Q

Name the constructs of measurement

A
  • self report measures - reports by others - behavioural observations - physiological measures
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16
Q

Define Variable

A

Variable - any MEASURABLE condition, event, characteristic, behaviour THAT IS manipulated, controlled, observed

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17
Q

Steps of Scientific Investigation

A

HSCAR 1 Hypothesis 2 Select Method 3 Conduct Study 4 Analyze Data-Draw Conclusions 5 Report findings of Research

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18
Q

Advantages of Scientific Method

A

Clarity/Precision -error free

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19
Q

The 2 research methods

A

1 Experimental - 2 Correlational

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20
Q

Define Experiment

A

Experiment - a technique to Establish CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP between 2 variables

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21
Q

Define Manipulation

A

Changing a variable in order to determine its casual power

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22
Q

Independent Variable

A

vairable Manipulated in an experiment

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23
Q

Experimental Group

A

exposed to the manipulation vs. control group not exposed - in example of speech manipulation TAPPING WAS CONTROL

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24
Q

Extraneous Variables (standardized variables)

A

others than independent that MAY Influence dependent variable

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25
Confounding
value of extraneous variable *varies* across conditions of an experiment AKA changes along with the independent vble
26
Random Assignment
all subjects equal chance of being assigned to any Group/condition in the study
27
Internal Validity
attribute of experiment allowing to Establish CASUAL RELATIONSHIPS
28
External Validity
variables defined in typical way - simulates real world
29
Population (PSYC)
complete collection of participants who might be measured
30
Sample
partial collection of people drawn from a population
31
Case Method
a procedure to gather scientific information - studying single individual
32
Random Sampling
technique to ensure every member of population has chance to be included in the sample
33
define Between-subjects design
participant is in control or treatment group - NOT both - new group for each treatment
34
Multiple IV design
- either between- or within-subjects variables - e.g., effects of gender and drug on memory
35
Variations on experimental design
multiple dependent variables eg. examine both accuracy and speed of performance of data entry
36
Quasi-Experiment
any experimental design that DOES NOT control the influence of all extraneous variables - often arise in situations where it is not possible to randomly assign subjects - ie how gender effects locus of control need a specific gender
37
advantages of experimental method:
establish CAUSE/EFFECT relationship - control of extraneous variables
38
limitations of experimental method
- often artificial - lack of generalizability - ethical concerns - THREATS to INTERNAL validity
39
How are between subject designs kept random?
Randomization and matched pairs so very little contamination by extra variables but it's still possible
40
Between subject designs disadvantages
Too many participants may be needed – groups still individuals – can skew – emotions can skew = confident
41
Example of between subjects experiment gone wrong
Researchers put school A as a control group School B as treatment - different socioeconomic zone each school is in causes bias
42
Explain within subject design experiments
Within-subject design - every subject is given every treatment including control ie placebo then Real drug later
43
Within-subject design advantages
- reduces amount of error from people variance - requires fewer participants
44
Within subjects design disadvantages
Fatigue - tired so performance effected in last test OR confident - better results on last test
45
explain multiple IV design
either between or within subjects variables eg effects of gender AND drugs on memory
46
some variations on experimental design
multiple dependent variables eg examine both accuracy and speed of performance of data entry
47
Quasi experiment
Any experimental design that does not control influence of all extraneous variables– Situations where it's not possible to randomly assigned subjects i.e. gender affecting control
48
Advantages of experimental method
Establish cause-and-effect relationship - Control of extraneous variables
49
Limitations of experimental methods
o often artificial - lack generalizability - THREATS to internal validity still POSSIBLE
50
Types of correlation (3)
observation - case studies -surveys
51
Observational types
naturalistic, participant, blind, double blind
52
case study examples
Piaget - children develop ability to see split mass is same mass // Death row study - everybody had brain damage
53
problems With case studies
lack of generalizability
54
Survey problems
papaort and burkhart obsrved underreport of bad behaviour in survey participants
55
correlational method advantages
flexible - behaviour assessed in real world - allows for prediction of behaviour up
56
define matched samples
matched samples - two groups identical in terms of a third variable
57
define matched pairs
each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable
58
Correlational method limitation
Cannot establish causality
59
Explain bidirectional problem
birthrate causing religion OR religion causing birthrate? could be either way
60
Explain third variable problem
PArenting is influencing both birth rate and religiosity
61
Example of sampling bias
literary digest predicts Landon over Roosevelt - phone users sampled + rich + republican
62
Placebo effect
- have placebo control group so its not causing it
63
THIS decreases internal validity
confounding due to extra variables
64
List distortions of self report data and experimenter bias
self report - subjects skew to SOCIAL DESIRABILITY Experimenter bias - double blind procedure eliminates observers expectations - rosenthal
65
these were ethics codes set up
nuremburg codes - after NAzis did torture experiments
66
This was an “evil” US study
Tuskegee experiment - Syphilis patients - began 1932 to 1972!!! US Public Health Service refuses black patients treatments and observed
67
define debriefing
verbal description of purpose of study AFTERWARDS
68
define informed consent
written agreement to particicpate in the study
69
describe APA code of ethics
1953: competence, integrity, professional academic responsibility, respect for rates, concern for others welfare social responsibility
70
Describe CPA code of ethics
Respect for dignity of persons, responsible caring, integrity in relationships, responsible to society
71
Canada tri council policy statement
Respect for human dignity, free consent, vulnerable persons, confidentiality, justice inclusiveness, BALANCING HARM & BENEFIT
72
outline steps to design ethical study
Obtain informed consent - allow subjects to withdraw, data confidentiality, debrief after - desensitize
73
Animal research examples
Sperry - split brain right/left - Biofeedback - Schanberg - newborn rats touching causes growth
74
Points against animal research and APA animal research code
-specieism fundamental rights, APA code caring for animals - justifying study
75
Double blind
Observation true purpose Hidden from the observer and subjects
76
Descriptive statistics
Summarize some aspect of the data
77
Frequency distribution
Graphical representation of measurement - # of times each measurement made = arrangement
78
Histogram
rectangles in a frequency distribution
79
explain Stem + leaf plot
ie 7 . 17 reads 71 & 77
80
Explain the three measures of central tendency
1 - mean - average 2 mode - most frequent score 3 Median midpoint ie 3,4,5 = 4, 3-4 = 3.5
81
Keep this in mind when choosing a measure of central tendency
MEAN affected by extreme scores - not others
82
Explain three measures of variability
1 range highest to lowest 2 Variance - average of squared deviations from mean i.e. 1^2 + 3^2 = 10 3 standard deviations sqrt(variance - good units
83
correlation
Wind variations in value or variable one synchronize with variable 2 variations
84
correlation coefficient
measure of DIRECTION and STRENGTH of correlation - letter r -1 to +1
85
explain various meanings of r
Perfect positive = +1 / perfect negative = -1 / none = no systemic change
86
explain normal distribution
in middle mean + median+mode - 68% scores within 1 standard deviation - 95% within 2 SDs
87
inferential statistics
GENERALIZATION from findings in a sample population - limit on errors - has significance
88
review parts to good experiment
1 Manipulative IV 2 randomly assign subjects 3 Measure Dependent V
89
Internally valid vs external
INTERNAL - casual relationship established - most PSYC not externally valid
90
limits of correlation
cannot confirm related - need controlled experiment

PSYC 100 (9 decks)

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