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psychology as level > biopsychology > Flashcards

biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

division of the nervous system?

A
  • nervous system and endocrine system
  • nervous system: CNS (brain and spinal chord) and PNS (peripheral system / neurones): CONCERNED WITH ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • PNS: autonomic and somatic system: SSSSENSE AND INSTRUCTIONS TO MUSCLES
  • Autonomic system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system: BODILY ORGANS (HORMONAL) MOST ARE NOT UNDER CONSCIENCE CONTROL EG HEART AND STOMACH
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2
Q

division of the nervous system?

A
  • nervous system and endocrine system
  • nervous system: CNS (brain and spinal chord) and PNS (peripheral system / neurones): CONCERNED WITH ALL LIFE FUNCTIONS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
  • PNS: autonomic and somatic system: SSSSENSE AND INSTRUCTIONS TO MUSCLES
  • Autonomic system: sympathetic and parasympathetic system: BODILY ORGANS (HORMONAL) MOST ARE NOT UNDER CONSCIENCE CONTROL EG HEART AND STOMACH
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3
Q

what are motor neurons

A

carry messages from the spinal chord and brain to the effector (muscles)

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4
Q

structure of motor neuron

A

large surface area to conecto other neurons
synaptic nerves and dentrites do not touch - gap s called synapse

short dentrites
long axons

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5
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

receptors to brain and spinal cord

long dentrites
short axons

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6
Q

what are relay neurons

A

interconnecting neurons: visual, brain, spinal chords
between sensory neuron to motor neuron

short dentrites
short/long axons

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7
Q

what is the reflex arc

A 
receptor cells (PNS) --> stimuli
impulse sent down sensory neuron
CNS
relay neuron
motor neuron
effector muscle --> response
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8
Q

what is synaptic transmission

A

nerve travels down axon
neurotransmitters are released which are taken up or reabsorbed
message reaches dentrites

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9
Q

chemicals inhibit or excite fire of acell?

A

dopamine acetylcholine and serotonin

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10
Q

what is localisation

A

certain areas of the brain hold specific fuctions

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11
Q

what is lateralisation

A

particular hemisphere controls certain functions

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12
Q

case study on phineas gage

A

suffered horrific brain accent where brain was partially removed
personality change from nice to mean
shows that brain controls personality
cannot generalise as one rare case and could be other outside factors

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of the brain

A

central core - ancient brain: pirimitive and involuntary

limbic system: hormones and emotional

cerebrum: higher intellectual processes

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14
Q

what is the central core?

A 
brain stem
primitive actions (breathing)
involuntary actions (sneezing)
hypothalamus (endocrine system/glands)
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15
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

contains hippocampus: removal causes antereograde amnesia (cannot form new memories)

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16
Q

what is the cerebrum?

A

composed of right and left hemispheres which are connected by the corpus callosum fibres

frontal lobe: conscious thoughts
occipital lobe: sight
temporal lobe: auditory and memory
parietal: sensory and motor

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17
Q

what is in the parietal lobe?

A

motor area: control of voluntary movements
opposite hemispheres control each side
samade to area causes impaired movements

somatosensory area: heat, cold touch pain body movement
hands and face occupy most of it

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18
Q

what is in the temporal lobe?

A

auditory area: hearing/language/speech analysis

wernicke area: left temp lobe damage
difficulties in language comprehension

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19
Q

what is in the occipital lobe?

Study These Flashcards
A

visual: innter retina: optic chiasm: crossed controls

outer retina: damage to left optic nerve damages left eye

20
Q

what did split brain surgery show about the hemispheres of the brain?

Study These Flashcards
A

patients that had undergone a corpus callosotomy’s brain showed that the two hemispheres could function quite independently

21
Q

what are the two main methods of studying cortical specialisation?

Study These Flashcards
A

invasive techniques (surgery)
neurosurgery
electrical chemical stimulation and post mortem examinations

non invasive techniques (scans)
PET
CAT
MRI

22
Q

Discuss PET scans

Study These Flashcards
A

radioactive glucose is injected into the blood stream - the radioactive emission from different parts of the brain is measured in a scanning machine whilst the individual is engaged in a range of tasks

23
Q

evaluate PET scans

Study These Flashcards
A

produces 3D images of brain activity in action!

involves injection - ethical/distress
brain is always active so it is hard to separate activities and no two brains process in the same way

24
Q

discuss and evaluate CAT scans

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A

narrow X ray beam and measures the about of radiation absorbed by the brain - 3D image is formed

useful in evaluating the about of swelling due to disuse damage in brain

25
discuss and evaluate CAT scans
narrow X ray beam and measures the about of radiation absorbed by the brain - 3D image is formed useful in evaluating the about of swelling due to disuse damage in brain
26
discuss and evaluate MRI scans
scanners use strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce images of an individuals brain able to produce precise images of the brain and offer more detail than PET or CAT scans powerful enough to detect signs of disease
27
discuss and evaluate EGGs
electrodes are attached to various points on then sad record brainwaves which can wither be rhythmic(healthy) or arrhythmic(unhealthy) safe and painless useful for studying sleeping patterns distinguishes between different types of epileptic procedures and categorises them based on the patterns views lacks accuracy of pet cat and MRI scans that produces 3D images of a specific area of functioning
28
discuss post mortem examinations
brain of patient (usually subject of longitudinal study) is examined after death by examining the damage post mortem and relating to their behaviour when alive - brain localisation can be established Paul Broca - function of speech = left frontal lobe called Broca's area - damage to area causes Broca's aphasia
29
evaluate post mortem studies
no control over the area to be studied and often not possible to know how the patient behaved before the damage occurred obtaining a person's brain is hard no ethical issues - greater understanding of many rare afflictions
30
discuss neurosurgery
manipulation of structures within brain using ABLATIONS 9removal of tissue) and LESIONS(cutting neural connections) Hubel and Weisel inserted electrodes in the visual cortex of a cat - different neurones responded to different patterns of light
31
evaluate neurosurgery
disifucult to establish whether behaviour results from damaged area of are connected to damage ethical restrictions - animals not humans
32
discuss and evaluate electrical and chemical stimulation
specific area of the brain are stimulated to see how this affects behaviour Olds and Milner found that this in area of the limbic system resulted in pleasure for rats Wada test - anaesthetic is used prior surgery to shut down language and memory functions in each of the hemispheres damage to these areas can be prevented during surgery ethical constraints - animals not humans less harmful than surgery
33
what are the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic system (afterwards)
34
discuss the sympathetic nervous system
``` stimulates the fight or flight response to threatening situations dilation of pupils, bronchi inhibits saliva, digestion and urination stimulates glucose production speeds up heart rate ```
35
discuss the parasympathetic nervous system
restores the body to its normal state constricts pupils, bronchi stimulates saliva, digestion and unrination and bile production slows down heart rate this takes a while as the hormones take longer to disperse
36
what is the endocrine system
composed of a number of glands in the body that relase hormones directly into the bloodstream major gland - pituitary gland - releases ACTH which stimulates the adrenal glands to released adrelenin aiding the sympathetic nervous system
37
effects of the stress response?
prolonged exposure is harmful | disruption to sex life, digestion and heart disease
38
effects of the stress response?
prolonged exposure is harmful | disruption to sex life, digestion and heart disease
39
what is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
genotype - genetic make up phenotype - observable charactaristics genotype + environment = phenotype
40
difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and why psychology likes them
monozygotic - one zygote forms two separate embryos genetically identical same genotype dizygotic - two zygotes like ordinary brother and sisters different genotype can investigate genetic basis of behaviour by studying monozygotic twins
41
difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins and why psychology likes them
monozygotic - one zygote forms two separate embryos genetically identical same genotype dizygotic - two zygotes like ordinary brother and sisters different genotype can investigate genetic basis of behaviour by studying monozygotic twins
42
why are twin studies cool? (part of the intelligence and sexual orientation cards)
unsure about inheritance or environment? LOOK AT TWINS monozygotic twins - 100% concordance dizyygotic twins - LOWER concordance if it's the environment - monozygotic twins reared apart would show lower concordance with each other
43
how do we use twins to study intelligence?
``` wilson - identical twins had a more similar intellectual performance than non identical couched and Mcgue meta analysis - MZ together: 0.86 MZ apart: 0.72 DZ together; 0.6 DZ apart: 0.24 ```
44
how do we use tins to study sexual orientation
bailey and pillard - 52% chance of MZ twins were concordant for being gay compared to 22% of Dz twins criticised as recruitment through targets of gay audience barman and bruckner - gay is a result of multiple genetic and cultural factors
45
family studies and stuff - addiction and family size/birth order
krishnan: sons of alcoholic dads - biological predisposition towards alcohol Zajonc: intelligence is related to birth order: the bigger the family and younger you are the lower the IQ more of an environmental thing really
46
adoption stuiides are important because?
genetic basis of behaviour! traits would be like biological if so Age: plomin: children became more like their biological parents than adopted - genetic influence? intelligence: scare and weinburg: black kids were adopted into white families and were more similar to biological parents interracial siblings showed intellectual similarities: environment adoption: small and richer: stimulating environment!
47
selective breeding
plomin: if selective breeding does not alter the trait or characteristic then it is dependent on the environment genetic basis for behaviour can be proven with this: Tryon: maze bright rats bright rats x bright rats = learned maze faster dull rats x dull rats = slower learning is a heritable characteristic Cooper and Zubeck: dull rats in boring environment dull rats in stimulating environment = same errors as maze bright rats == environment is an important factor

psychology as level (6 decks)

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