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Psychology Paper 2 > Biopsycology > Flashcards

Biopsycology Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Localisation of function

A

Certain functions e.g memory have certain areas in the brain
Also known as cortical specialisation

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2
Q

Visual cortex

A

Occtipical lobe
Both hemispheres
Process visual info

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3
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Hearing
Temporal lobe
Both hemispheres

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4
Q

Motor cortex

A

Voluntary movement
Frontal lobe
Both hemisphere
Movement opposite side to body

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5
Q

Somosensory cortex

A

Sensory event in different areas of the body
Partial lobe
Both hemispheres

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6
Q

Broca area

A

Language Center
Patient tan
Speech production
Frontal lobe
Left hemisphere

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7
Q

Wernike area

A

Language Center
Understand speech
Right hemisphere
Temporal lobe

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8
Q

Motor neurones

A

Transmit messages from CNS toward organs and muscles long axons shot dendrites

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9
Q

Relay neurons

A

Connect neurons together
Short dendrite short axons

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10
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carry messages to CNS from senses possessed by the PSN long dendrites short axons

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

One of the body info systems instruct glands produce hormones go to blood stream and target organ of the body

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12
Q

Glands

A

Organ body produce hormone e.g pinal testes Adrianl pituitary

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13
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messages produced gland circulate blood effect target organs
Testosterone

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulate control and release hormones from pituitary gland

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15
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hormone - anterior ACHT - stimulate adrenal cortex release cortisol stress

Hormone - posterior oxytocin - uterus contractions at child birth

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16
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Hormone adrenal medulla - epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline - key in flight or fight

Hormone - adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol - release glucose give energy suppressing immune system

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17
Q

Overies

A

Oestrogen - regulation female reproductive system pregnancy MC

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18
Q

Testes

A

Male characteristics during puppetry promoting muscle growth

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19
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation

A

Each hemisphere has functional specialisations
Left hemisphere language
Right hemisphere produce basic words help emotional context
Spatial awareness

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20
Q

Evaluation of lateralisation

A

Not same throughout life changes with ageing
Lang more lateralised to the left hemisphere child to teen 25 lateralisation decrease
Can’t assume change

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21
Q

The Human nervous system

A

Complex network of cells that carry messages to and from the Brain and spinal cord different part of the body

Help all part of the body to communicate with one another

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22
Q

The Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord
2 functions - control over behaviour and regulation body physiological processes

Brain recieve info sensory receptors the send messaged to muscle and gland of body

Involves spinal cord nerves that are attached to the brain run the length spinal column

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23
Q

The spinal cord

A

Relay info between brain and the rest of the body

Brain can then monitor processes e.g digestion

It’s connected different part of the body connect muscles and glands

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24
Q

The cerebrum

A

Biggest part of the brain divide into 4 parts

Split down middle 2 half’s called cerebral and hemisphere

Hemispheres are specialised different behaviours 2 half communicate through corpus callousm

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25
Cerebellum
Back of the cerebrum Control person motor skills and balance Abnormalities result in speech motor problems and epilepsy
26
Brian stem
Regulating the automatic functions essential for life include breathing heartbeat swallowing Motor sensory neurons go threw brain stem so impulses pass between brain and spinal cord
27
Peripheral nervous system
All nerves outside CNS make it up Relay nerve impulses from CNS to rest the body from body back to CNS 2 division Somatic NS Automatic NS
28
Somatic nervous system
Voluntary body movements Nerves have both sensory and motor neurons Involved reflex actions without CNS allow reflex to occur quick Sensory relay message to CNS motor relay info from CNS to areas of body
29
Autonomic nervous system
Body carries out involuntary actions our action without conscious awareness e.g digestion Parasympathetic and sympathetic Both regulate same organ but different effects due to neurotransmitter in the division
30
Sympathetic
Neurotransmitters = neuoradrenaline = stimulating effect
31
Parasympathetic
Acetylcholine = inhibiting effects
32
Fight or flight response
Person experiences threat/stressful situations body react different ways Heart beat dater breathing rapid muscles tense Flight or fight help react quick to situations Ready for fight or flight
33
Process of flight or fight
Enter situation Amygdala activates send signal hypothalamus Active SAM pathway to SNS SNS stimulate adrenal medulla Release adrenaline noradrenaline blood Causes psychological changes prepare Flight of fight
34
Psychological changes in flight or fight
Increase heart rate - blood flow to organs movement of adrenaline in body Increased breathing rate - oxygen intake Pupil dilation - light entry eye enhance vision Sweat production - regulate temp
35
Strength of flight or fight
Survival mechanim for ancestors face life threatening situations Stress from daily life active flight or fight negative consequences on health constantly active SNS increased blood pressure cause damage to vessel and heart disease Matters because it’s a maladaptive response modem day life Belford human stress situations
36
Weakness flight or fight
Freeze response First response danger avoid confrontation all together demoed by freeze response Hyper vigilant while deciding best way deal with situation Can’t assume only bio reaction
37
Sensory neurons
Found in receptor cells carry nerve impulses to spinal cord and brain Nerve impulses translated sensations Not all reach brain some stop the spinal cord allow quick reflex actions
38
Relay neurons
Found in between sensory input motor out out Found in brain and spinal cord allow sensory motor neurons communicate
39
Motor neurons
found in CNS control muscle movement When stimulated release neurotransmitter bind receptors on muscle to trigger response
40
Neurotransmitters
Chemicals released from synaptic vesicle into synapse by neurones Affect transfer of implode to a never or muscle Each has own molecular structure fit perfectly into pre synaptic receptor sight
41
Action potential
Occurs when neuron send info to axon away from cell body explosion of electrical activity
42
Synaptic transmission process
Nerve impulse travel to axon of pre synaptic neuron Reach’s synaptic terminal Trigger release neurotransmitter vesicular into pre synaptic neuron Neurotransmitter fired into synaptic gap Neurotransmitter bind with receptor on dendrites of post synaptic neuron If successful neurotransmitter back up by pre synaptic neuron (re uptake) Message continue passed in this way via electrical impulses
43
Excitatory
Increase likelihood excitatory signal sent to post synaptic cell more likely to fire
44
Inhibitory
Decrease likely hood of neurons firing responsible calming the mind and body inducing sleep filtering out unnecessary signals
45
Spatial summation
Large number Epsp are generated many different synapses on the same post synaptic neuron at same time
46
Temporal summation
Large number EPSP generated same time by series of high frequency action potentials pre synaptic neuron
47
Hemispheric lateralisation
2 half of brain not exactly the same have functional specialisations Left is lang - analyser of lang right produce words help work emotional context (synthesisr)
48
Vision - hemisperic lateralisation
Left Visual field connect to right hemisphere Right visual field connect to left hemisphere Help see different perspectives
49
Weakness of lateralisation
May not stay same throughout life time change with ageing Lang becomes more lateralised to left increasing age with children age 25 it decreases decade of life So we cannot assume lateralisation can’t change indervidual differences apparent at different ages
50
Weakness of lateralisation
2 hemispheres have specialisations not suggesting have dominate side Brain scan analysed over 1000 people 7-29 use different hemispheres different task but idea dominate side little evidence Notion left and right brained people is wrong
51
Strength of lateralisation
Recent supportive evidence lang is lateralised to left Sodium Amytal injected in the side of the neck anesthised hemisphere pps recite diffent thing e.g days of week Left anethised - mute and errors Right - fewer error no mutism Support split Brin Lang lateralised on the left
52
Spit brain patients
2 hemispheres connect through corpus Collusm Treat sever epilepsy docs cut never fibers formed the corpus collusm Aim to prevent violent electrical activity accompanies seizures cross one hemisphere to other
53
Sperry and Gazzangia split Brain research aim
Send visual info one hemisphere at a time Only process info hemisphere or receives
54
Split brain procedure
Patient fixat dot on the screen ( tachiscope) info presented quickly left or right Visual field Make response left hand controlled by RH then right hand controlled by LH or verbally controlled by LH without being able to see what hands where doing
55
Sperry gazzagaina 3 different experiment
Say what you see - pic presented to LH could not describe if pic present to RM they could Tactile - object in left hand processed by RH not describe what they felt but identity it picking up another similar one Drawing left hand control by RH clear better pics than right hand even though all right handed
56
Conclusion split brain research
Number differences between 2 hemispheres left responsible speech and language and right visual spatial processing facial recognition support lateralisation
57
Weakness split Bain research
Low generalisablity Only examined 11 patient varying degree of epilepsy and procedure raely carried out Don’t no if result can be applied beyond small sample epileptic patient og examined
58
Strength of split brain research
High reliability developed highly controlled methods examine split brain Used a tachiscope and devised serise of tasks examin functioning of the split brain Matter his test consistently carried out demonstrated good internal validity and easy to replicate
59
Weakness split brain research
Lang may not be restricted left hemisphere initially suggested Case study JW able speak out of the right hemisphere speak about info presented to left and right hemisphere Og finding not same for everyone result on hemispheric lateralisation questionable
60
Brain plasticity
Brain ability to change and adapt because of experience
61
Brain plasticity
Believe only in fancy and childhood rapid brain growth occurs Research Brain makes neural pathways alter existing ones adapt result of learning Little used pathways deleted more used strengthens known as synaptic pruning
62
What shape our brain
Different experiences change neural organisation of the brain Video games
63
Plasticity result of video game
Kuhn - control group trained okay Mario 20 mins a day 2 months Increase grey matter brain areas e.g cortex hippocampus cerebellum Resulted new synaptic connections involved in spatial navigation working memory motor performance
64
Plasticity result of life experience
Natural decline cognitive functioning with age Boyke - evidence brain plasticity 60 year old when taught new skill juggling found increase grey matter visual cortex
65
Strength of plasticity
Supportive evidence concept arise life experiences See if enriched environment alter number neurons in the brain increase hippocampus rat that housed complex r environment than rat cages Shows brain capable of change life experience shape certain way cognitively demanding environment
66
Strength of plasticity
Evidence found in humans London taxi drivers see if brain could be changed result extensive experience spatial navigation hippocampus larger correlated amount time spent taxi drivers Suggest life experiences change shape structure brain
67
Functional recovery
Transfer functions from damaged area of the brain after trauma other undamaged areas
68
Mechanism for recovery neural unmasking
Called dormant synapses in Brian neurons that exist anatomically function is blocked
69
Neural unmasking
Activation dormant synapses to compensate for damaged areas of the brain
70
Axon sprouting
Undamaged axons grow nerve endings to reconnect neurons that links severs in damage
71
Denervation super sensitivity
Axon do similar job become aroised higer level compensate ones lost Negative consequence oversensitivity messages such as pain
72
Homologous area adaptive
Brain behavior active equivalent part on opposite side if occur on right would move to left
73
Strength of functional recovery
Supportive evidence stem cell recover brain after injury Randomly assigned rat traumatic brain injury one 2 groups one had stem cell in brain that was hurt others received solution 3 month stem cell ray show clear neural development Support stem cell improve functional recovery after an injury
74
Strength of functional recovery
Supportive evidence educated person more likely show brain plasticity following brain injury Patient collage degree 7X more likely those didn’t finish high school disability free 1 year after moderate severe brain injury Form of cognitive reserve assist recovery improve functional recovery/brain plasticity
75
Weakness
Cognitive ability age after brain injury recovery slower older u get Studies suggested even abilities thought fixed childhood modified in adults intense retraining

Psychology Paper 2 (3 decks)

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