Research Methods Flashcards
1
Q
DV
A
Variable we measure
2
Q
IV
A
Variable we manipulate
3
Q
Operationalisation
A
Define variables specifying set of operations/behaviour measured or manipulated
4
Q
Hypothesis
A
Precise and testable statement (prediction)
5
Q
Aim
A
Investigator intends to find out in study
6
Q
Standardise procedures
A
Procedure same for all pps and can be repeated
7
Q
EV
A
Difficult to detect significant effect on DV
8
Q
Directional hypothesis
A
State difference of the condition/groups of study
People who do HW with tv on WILL PRODUCE worse results than those who have it off
9
Q
Non directional hypothesis
A
Simply state there is a difference between 2 conditions/groups
People who do HW with the tv on PRODUCE DIFFERENT results than one with it off
10
Q
Confounding variables
A
Varies systematically with IV and changed DV effect the cause and effect relationship
11
Q
pps variables
A
Characteristics of the pp effect the DV e.g motivation gender experience
12
Q
Situational variables
A
Research influence pps behaviour e.g order effects
13
Q
Mundane realism
A
Study mirror the real world
14
Q
Generalisation
A
Apply result beyond research and results e.g setting group
15
Q
Validity
A
True/legitimate explanation
16
Q
Internal validity
A
Control and realism within study itself
IV DV EV CV
17
Q
External validity
A
Generalisability beyond study
18
Q
Ecological validity
A
Generalise to other situations
19
Q
Population validity
A
Don’t generalise to other people
20
Q
Historical validity
A
Can’t generalise time period
21
Q
Demand characteristics
A
Pps unconsciously given cues help work out aim lead to screw you effect internal validity lowerd
22
Q
Investigators effects (bias)
A
Anything investigator does to effect study wasn’t intended e.g interfering with pps
23
Q
Single blind design
A
Pps unaware of aim
24
Q
Double blond design
A
Experiment and pps unaware of aim unable to give away cues
25
Lab experiments
Investigate the cause and effect in controlled environment
26
Strengths of lab experiments
Well controlled minimise Ev increase internal validity
Easily replicated cuz of standardised procedures
27
Weaknesses of lab experiments
Artificial situation lack mundane realism
Won’t behave naturally - demand characteristics lower ecological validity
28
Filed experiment
Iv is manipulated in a natural setting
29
Strengths of field experiment
Less artificial increases mundane realism increase ecological validity
Unaware they in experiment lower demand characteristics
30
Weaknesses of filed experiments
Less control of ev and cv reduce internal validity
Time consuming/expensive
Can’t be easily replicated lower external validity
31
Natural experiment
Iv can’t be manipulated directly
32
Strengths of natural experiment
Allow research iv not manipulated for ethical or practical reasons
Mundane realism increase internal validly
33
Weakness of natural experiment
Can’t demonstrate casual relationship as Iv not directly manipulated
34
Quasi experiment
Iv is the characteristic of the pps e.g gender or age
35
Strengths of quasi experiment
All comparisons with different types of people
36
Weakness of quasi experiment
Can’t demonstrate casual relationship between Iv because not directly manipulated
Random allocation not possible can’t control cv lower internal validity
37
Repeated measures design
Take part all condition of study
38
Independent groups
Take part in 1 condition of the study
39
Matched pairs
Pps paired from each condition based on variable e.g iq memory ability
Compare pair performance
40
Weakness of repeated measures
Order effect e.g bordom and practice
Demand characteristics guess aim
41
Improve repeated measures
Counter balancing
Use a different test but match difficulty
42
Weakness Independent groups
Participant variables
More pps needed
43
Improve independent groups
Randomly allocate
Reduce pps variables
44
Weakness Matched pairs
Time consuming
Can’t control all variables
45
Improve matched pairs
Pilot study
Restrict number of variables make easier
46
Counter balancing
Pps take part in condition a and b reffered as abba
Attempt to balance out order effects between 2 conditions
47
Experimental realism
More artificial task engage keep attention on task than the observation
48
Randomisation
Use of chance where possible reduce influence on aim and control investigator bias
49
Random allocation
Technique to choose pps for treatment group and control group
50
Standardisation
All pps subjet to same environment and procedure minimes Ev
51
Random sample
Equal change being chosen
Names in a hair chosen out lottery method
52
Strength of random sample
Free from researcher bias no influence on selection
53
Weakness of random sample
Time consuming can be unrepresentative
54
Systematic sample
Nth target pop is selected e.g every 3rd house on each street
Produces a Sampling frame
55
Strength if systematic sample
Avoid researcher bias no influence who get picked fairly repesentive
56
Weakness systematic sampling
Time consuming
57
Stratified sampling
researchers divide subjects into subgroups called strata based on characteristics that they share
58
Strength of stratified sampling
Avoid researcher bias
Representive reflect composition of population
59
Weakness of stratified sampling
Stratification not perfect can’t reflect all ways people are different
60
Opportunity sampling
Select anyone willing available
61
Strength of opportunity sampling
Convenient
Less costly
62
Weaknesses of opportunity sampling
Unrepresentative only specific area can’t generalise
Researcher has Control over selection could be bias
63
Volunteer sampling
People select themselves on news papers hand outs Notice boards
64
Weakness of volenteer sample
Select themselves could be similar types of people can’t generalise
65
Ethical issues
Conflict between what researcher need to do to produce useful research and the pps rights
66
Informed consent
Should no the aim and what they are taking part in won’t be natural behaviour
67
Deception
Deliberately misleading/withholding info said to be not given inform consent
Jusified if pp not caused harm
68
Protection from harm
Pps not put ant any more risk than day to day living physical and psychological harm e.g embarrassment stress
69
Privacy and confidentiality
Right or privercy - Control personal info about themselves
Confidently- right by the law data protection act
70
5 ethical issues
Inform consent
Right to withdraw
Pricey and confidentiality
Protection from harm
Deception
71
Non pps observation
Only watches does not interact with pp
72
Pps observation
Part of group being watched unknown to pps
73
Overt observation
People no being watched
74
Covert
Unknown being watched may be informed after
75
Controlled
Some variables regulated by researcher e.g naturalness of situation and behaviour
76
Naturalistic
Behaviour studied natural situation no interference from researcher
77
Strength of pp observation
Special insight into behaviour of group
78
Strength of non pp observation
Be objective not part of group being observed
79
Weakness non pp observation
Not understand type of behaviour
80
Overt strength
Less ethical issues
81
Overt weakness
Change natural behaviour
82
Covert strength
More natural
83
Covert weakness
Ethical issues
84
Strength of naturalistic observation
Realistic spontaneous behaviour high ecological validity
85
Weakness of naturalistic observation
Can’t control all variables
86
Controlled observation strength
Sharper foucous on all aspect of behaviour
87
Weakness of controlled observation
Less natural lack validity
88
Questionnaires
Set of written questions understand people think and feel about topic used DV In experiments
89
Open questions
Don’t have set of pre questions answer whatever they wish
90
Closed question
Fixed number of responses eg multiple choice rate scale
91
Improve questionnaire
Filler question- avoid finding out aim
Pilot study - small group questions refined
Sequence of sentences - easy then hard
92
Quantative
Numerically
93
Qualative
Words
94
One tailed test
Performed when hypothesis is directional
95
Two tailed test
Performed when hypothesis non directional
96
Calculated value
Work out yourself using statistical tests
97
Critical value
Compared with calculated value
98
Probability
Result down to chance
Lest 95% confident (0.05)
Iv effect dv
99
Significance
95% sure change in dv manipulation of Iv
Compare critical and calculated value
100
Probability recorded
P=0.05 or p<0.05 it’s 5% or less
101
Type 1 error
Accepting hypothesis you should reject
Flase +
To linent
102
Type 2 error
Rejecting hypothesis you should accept
False -
To hard
103
Nominal data
Consit of the number of pp falling into categories
104
Ordinal data
Placed in rank order
105
Interval data
Fixed intervals unit of measurement fixed throughout the range
106
Standard deviation
Spread of data around the mean
107
Strength of standard deviation
Precises measurment of dispersion exact measure take into account
108
Deprative statistics
Table graphs show frequencies measure central tendency dispersion
109
Inferential statistical
Test reported included calculated values/ significance levee
