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Environmental Microbiology University of Regina > Bioremediation > Flashcards

Bioremediation Flashcards

1
Q

Whats bioremediation related to?

A

biotreatment
bioreclamation
biorestoration

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2
Q

Whats Xenobiotics?

A

Any foreign object to an organism

Don’t belong

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3
Q

Subtypes of bioremediation?

A

Biostimulation
Bioaugmentation
Intrinsic bioremediation

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4
Q

Why is bioremediation multi- faceted?

A

Deals with pollutants, organisms, and environments

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5
Q

2 categories of bioremediation?

A
  1. Insitu bioremediation Directly at site of pollution
    Intrinsic bioremediation
    Engineered bioremediation
    Obvious example: oil spill on beach, phytoremediation
  2. Ex-situ bioremediation
    Removal of contaminated material for remediation at a designed place
    Landfarms, biobeds, water treatment systems
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6
Q

Limitations of bioremediation?

A
  • Adequate microorganism concentrations/populations
  • Available electron acceptors
  • Nutrients
  • Non-toxic conditions
  • Minimum carbon sources
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7
Q

3 main mechanisms of bioremediation? Best way **

A

Anaerobic
Aerobic
Sequential**

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8
Q

Organisms break organic compounds down to feed their own growth and reproduction by providing:

A
  • carbon: structure and food

- electrons: energy

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9
Q

How does bioremediation work?

A
  • Toxic compounds are food for microbes

- Looks at reduction potentials

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10
Q

List compounds from least to most biodegradable.

A 
Pesticides
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Alcohols, esters
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Simple hydrocarbons and petroleum fuels
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11
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of BR?

A
  • *Advantages
  • Natural process (public accepts)
  • Can achieve complete destruction of contaminants (no “pass the problem”)
  • Can be carried out on-site
  • Can be less expensive than other hazardous clean-up
  • *Disadvantages
  • Can only bioremediate certain compounds
  • Persistence/toxicity of biodegradation products?
  • Delicate/intricate process
  • Scale-up is difficult (lab to field)
  • Longer timescale than other cleanup
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12
Q

Why isn’t it a magic bandaid?

A
  • Same thing won’t work on every site
  • Need to look into whats being left behind
  • Takes a long time
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13
Q

What is the electron receptor in aerobic BR?

A

Oxygen

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14
Q

Bacterial Enzymes in BR.

A

Monooxygenases Dehydrogenases

  • break organic bonds
  • Suseptible to climatic factors
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15
Q

Indigenous pop benefits

A

If added to env- indigenous pop will outcompete

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16
Q

Bacterial remediation examples

A

Psuedomonas, Arthorobacter, Gordonia, Geobacter, Nocardia, and actinomycetes

17
Q

Fungal enzymes in BR

A

Laccases, peroxidases, lipases, cellulases, and proteases, lignin/chitin-degrading enzymes

18
Q

What is fungal BR good in?

A
  • Fluctuating Environment

- Extreme environment-loving and huge metabolic diversity

19
Q

Cons of fungal BR?

A

-Hard to grow in lab- don’t know full diversity

20
Q

Examples of fungal BR

A

Candida (degrade formaldehyde), Gibeberella (cyanide), white rot fungi (chrysosporium) can degrade DDT, TNT, hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol

21
Q

Why are communities important?

A
  • All activities depend on community presence

- Can promote growth of specialists

22
Q

Even if we are good at uncovering the players,…

A

… we are not as well equipped to determine the functional layers

23
Q 
Whats phytoremediation? Phytostabilization?
Phytovolatilization?
Phytostimulation?
Phytotransformation/phytodegradation?
Phytoextraction?
A

Phytoremediation- Use plants to convert, remove, or sequester pollutants
(heavy metals, organic compounds)
*Effective, low-cost, environmentally friendly!!

  • Phytostabilization- increase SA of roots to clean
  • Phytovolatilization- Can get taken up by plant from soil and released in air
  • Phytostimulation- plants need microbes to help roots; support microbial growth
  • Phytotransformation/ phytodegradation- remove and transferred
  • Phytoextraction- plant sucks up and stores; primary food source is a con; animals may eat toxins; highly monitered
24
Q

Where is metal contamination from?

A

Mining activities, industry, waste disposal, agriculture, atmospheric deposition

25
Q

Whats metal immobilization?

A
  • Complexation (bioaccumulation, biosoprtion) – exopolysaccharide, lipoproteins
  • Precipitation - H2S producing bacteria, siderophores, metal reduction
26
Q

Whats metal solubilization?

A
  • Organic acids
  • Siderophores
  • Root exudates
27
Q

Remediation technologies in soil and water.

A

Soil
Composting – add moisture, nutrients, aeration
Biopiles – ex situ aeration
Bioventing – in situ aeration
Landfarms – apply organic materials, irrigate
Water
Injection wells – introduce amendments to ground water
Infiltration – in situ amendment
Bioreactors – controlled “growth chamber” (~fermentation~)
Constructed wetlands – filtration, adsorption, conversion

28
Q

Whats a biopile?

A

Large-scale technology in which excavated soils are mixed with soil amendments, placed on a treatment area, and bioremediated using forced aeration (adding O2 to microbes). Contaminants are reduced to carbon dioxide and water. Optimal flow rates maximize biodegradation while minimizing volatilization of contaminants.

29
Q

What was the biopile developed by?

A

Developed by the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence

30
Q

Whats the Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems (CWTS)?

A
  • Used physical nature of wetland to make it do what they want
  • Lab-scale to pilot scale to demonstration scale to operational scale
  • Treatment of mining effluent water
    • adsorption
    • phytoremediation
    • metal reduction
  • Sequential treatment
31
Q

Pesticide treatment on the prairies.

A
  • Use biobed

- Usually harm to do bioremediation because its cold and variable weather

32
Q

What does bioremediation refer to?

A

Refers to many different technologies, but all are complex and often delicate processes

33
Q

What does BR involve?

A

Involves microbiology, geochemistry, engineering, hydrology

34
Q

How to get concept approved?

A

Learn from nature, but must be data-driven with proof-of-concept

35
Q

What important?

A

Communities- not just 1 org

Environmental Microbiology University of Regina (10 decks)

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