Biosphere Flashcards
The production of biomass/ organic matter by autotrophs can be viewed as both:
1. ___ production=
2. ___ production=
- gross production= the production of organic matter before any use
- net production= stored biomass that remains after metabolism
Heterotrophs:
- ___ other organisms
- use that organic carbon for ___ (obtains energy)
- use the remainder to build ___ mass (____ production)
Heterotrophs:
- consume other organisms
- use that organic carbon for respiration (obtains energy)
- use the remainder to build body mass (secondary production)
population=
multiple individuals of one species living in the same area at the same time
communities=
interacting populations of different species
a community plus its associated non-living system (soil, air, water, etc) forms an ___
ecosystem
similar ecosystems are grouped into classes called ____ where the climates, habitats, and ecosystems are similar
eg
biomes
tropical rainforest biome
the ___ ____ of a species indicates how many feeding steps it is away from the autotroph level
trophic levels
feeding relationships form a food chain, which is the transfer of ___ and ___
energy and matter
The organic carbon and energy captured by autotrophs in an ecosystem is ___ ____ _____
- typically, 25-75% of organic carbon is ____ by these autotrophs
- remaining, stored organic carbon is ___ ___
gross primary production
respired
net production
net production = ___ ____ - ____ ____
net production= gross production- net production
-
- decomposers
- the next trophic level
typically, each trophic level receives about ___% of the productivity of the previous one
10%
each organism in an ecosystem is said to occupy a distinct ___ ____, defined by its habitat and position in the ___ ___
ecological niche
food web
if two organisms occupy the same ecological niche in an ecosystem, one typically eliminates the other. This goes back to the idea of actualism (probably happened in the past too)
what is this defining?
competition
the ocean has a huge area, so high ___ production
the tropical rain forests don’t have a huge area, but have very high ___and ___ production
primary
primary and net
explain provinciality
barriers to animal migration have resulted in regions with distinct faunas and floras
- a single biome can exist in multiple provinces but is populated by different species
areas with provinciality are known as:
_____ zones or _____ provinces or ______
biogeographical zones
biogeographical provinces
ecozones
give a modern example of provinciality
anteaters exist in the rainforest biome on several continents
- these occupy the same niche in the biome but occur in separate provinces
(they evolve b/c of restrictions to migration)
give an ancient example of provinciality
Cambrian trilobites show different faunal provinces
- on either side of an ancient ocean
- also one of the earliest evidence for plate techtonics!
prokaryotes:
- ___ celullar
- no distinct ___ or ____
- includes ___ and ______(blue-green algae)
unicellular
nucleus or organelles
bacteria and cyanobacteria
T/F
when we look at the history, it’s hard to see a distinction in when prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved
false!
prokaryotes first
eukaryotes:
- ___ or __ cellular
- have an outer ___
- contain ___ and a distinct ____
multicellular or unicellular
outer membrane
organelles and distinct nucleus
why is the process of cell division so important?
it allows:
- unicellular organisms to reproduce
- multicellular organisms to grow
-
polymers
- proteins
- nucleic acids
