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EAS 100 > Geosphere- Minerals > Flashcards

Geosphere- Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Which 4 elements make up 93% of the geosphere?
How do we know this?

A

Iron
Oxygen
Silicon
Magnesium

It’s impossible to do a chemical analysis of the entire planet, so we use meteorites to determine this composition

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2
Q

The inner 4 planets (list below) and Earth’s moon are similar in size/ structure.
Planets:
-
-
-
-
Structure:
-
-
-

A

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars

  • metallic core (molten and solid iron)
  • rocky mantle
  • thin rocky crust (very variable)
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3
Q

the rocky mantle of the 4 inner planets is composed of mainly which 4 elements?

A
  • Si
  • O
  • Mg
  • Fe
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4
Q

The Earths crust is mostly made up of which 3 elements?

A
  1. oxygen
  2. silicon
  3. aluminum
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5
Q

Elements in the crust and mantle are organized in minerals. What 5 things define a mineral?

A
  1. naturally occuring
  2. inorganic (don’t contain C)
  3. soilds
  4. fixed chemical composition or limited range of composition
  5. regular internal repeating crystalline structure
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6
Q

About ___ discrete minerals are known, but only ~___ are common on the crust

A

4000
12

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7
Q

T/F
by the scientific definition of a mineral, ice is a mineral and coal is not

A

true!
however, in other realms like law, it’s the other way around

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8
Q

rocks=

A

naturally occurring mixtures of minerals

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9
Q

-

A
  • organic matter
  • volcanic glass
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10
Q

The following minerals can be found in a typical rock like granite. What color is each mineral typically?
1. Feldspar
2. Quartz
3. Mica

A

feldspar= pink and white
Quartz= grey
mica= black

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11
Q

What 3 types of bonding occur in solids?
1
2
3
which is the strongest?

A
  1. Ionic bonds
  2. Metallic bonds
  3. covalent bonds (strongest)
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12
Q

describe an ionic bond and give an example

A

an e- in the outer orbital donates to an element missing an e-
= becomes pos and neg charged bonds, which makes them attracted to each other (holds the structure together)

eg. NaCl (Na is + and Cl is -)

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13
Q

describe a metallic bond in a solid

A
  • less common
    delocalized e- move around the structure, in between the metal ions (they’re not it orbitals, they just “float” between the ions)
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14
Q

describe covalent bonding and give an example

A

e- are not donated, but they’re SHARED
- common with carbon
- strongest type of bond
- diamond is covalently bonded

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15
Q

Why don’t we use the chemical formula for minerals? Give an example

A

Because of polymorphs!
- when minerals have the same formula but different crystal structures (many forms)
eg. diamond and graphite

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16
Q

why do diamonds exists at Earth’s surface if they require such high pressure to form?

A

b/c they’re transported up to the surface so quickly that they don’t have time to revert to graphite (stable form at surface conditions)

17
Q

___ is a characteristic of minerals that is not usually diagnostic so it’s not used to identify minerals

A

color

18
Q

The following are a few ways to identify minerals. Describe each

  • lustre=
  • streak=
  • external crystal form
    (eg)
A
  • lustre= appearance of reflected light (metallic or non-metallic)
  • streak= color of powdered mineral on a porcelain plate
  • external crystal form= reflects the internal ordering of atoms
    eg. quartz has 6 sides b/c the chemical elements that make it up are arranged in a 6-sided ring
19
Q

The following are a few ways to identify minerals. Describe each

-Cleavage=

  • Hardness
    what’s used to measure this?

-Density
eg

-Magnetic Properties
eg

  • Reaction with acid
    eg
A

-Cleavage=natural parting along planes of internal low bond strength- reflects weakness in crystal

  • Hardness= relative resistance to scratching
    Use Mohs relative scale of hardness

-Density= can usually tell density by how heavy it is
eg Galena is very dense and heavy

-Magnetic Properties
eg magnetite is magnetic

  • Reaction with acid
    eg. calcite reacts with acid
20
Q

which group of minerals is the most common on earth?

A

silicate group

21
Q

____ is the “building block” for most minerals on earth
- it has a ___ shape with an overall charge of __ (meaning it wants to bond with __)

A

SiO4 4-

tetrahedron
4-
positives (forms good bonds with oxygen)

22
Q

The following Minerals all belong to the ___ group:

  • quartz
  • feldspar
  • clay minerals, ____
  • ferromagnesian (FeMg) minerals
    (inc ___ and ___)
A

Silicate

mica

olivine
pyroxene

23
Q

How are subgroups of silicate minerals characterized?

A

by how the individual silica tetrahedrons are linked together
- chains
- sheets
- framework (3D)

24
Q

____ is an isolated silica tetrahedron

  • SiO4 is ionically bonded to ___ and/ or ____
A

Olivine

iron and/or magnesium

could be entirely Mg, entirely Fe, or a bit of both (Fe and Mg are the same size w the same charge)

25
Q

Describe the structure of chain silicates
give an example of a chain silicate

A

tetrahedrons share a corner oxygen –> creates a chain

eg. pyroxene (ferromagnesian)

26
Q

Describe the structure of sheet silicates
give an example of one

A

sheets= chains attached to each other
eg. mica group- muscovite, biotite

27
Q

Describe the structure of framework silicates
give an example

A

sheets are joined in a 3D shape
- framework of SiO4 tetrahedra w some Al instead of Si
- all O atoms are shared b/w tetrahedra in 3D

eg. feldspar group

28
Q

Both feldspar and Quartz have a framework silicate structure, but how do they differ?

A

Feldspar-
some Al replaces Si in the framework of SiO4 tetrahedra

Quartz-
there is no substitution of other elements (it’s just a framework of SiO4 tetrahedra)

29
Q

The following are _______ minerals:

  • carbonates
  • halides
  • sulfates
  • oxides (___ and ___)
  • native elements like ___ and ___
A

non-silicate mineral group

hematite and magnetite

gold and diamond

30
Q

Halides, such as ___(NaCl) form where?

A

halite

in places where seawater (in warm/ arid enviros) undergoes rapid evaporation (~90% of water evaporated = NaCl will precipitate)

EAS 100 (9 decks)

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