Biostatistics & Epidemiology Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
This refers to the entire group of interest.
A
Population
2
Q
A subset of the population?
A
Sample
3
Q
Researchers noted blood glucose levels of each subject after administration of the new drug. This is an example of what type of data collection?
A
Primary Source
4
Q
A study involves retrospective analysis of patient records obtained from the hospitals database. This is an example of what type of data collection?
A
Secondary Source
5
Q
More often than not, coffee drinkers are also smokers and because of this , coffee drinkers have higher risk of lung cancer development. What variable is present?
A
Confounding
6
Q
This refers to the probability that someone who tested positive for the disease actually has the disease.
A
Positive Predictive Value
7
Q
This is the ability of a test to correctly tag someone with the disease as positive.
A
Sensitivity
8
Q
This is the ability of a test to correctly tag someone without the disease as negative?
A
Specificity
9
Q
This refers to the probability that someone who tested negative for the disease has no disease?
A
Negative Predictive Value
10
Q
If a study compares the heart rates of athletes before and after training , what is the most appropriate statistical test?
A
Paired Test
11
Q
What is the most appropriate statistical test if you want to compare the effects of three different concentrations of beta-blockers on the heart rate?
A
Analysis of Variance
12
Q
Chi-square test is used for what type of data?
A
Categorical
13
Q
Statistical test used by a medical student who wants to know the correlation between the age of the members of a community and their level of income?
A
Pearson Test
14
Q
Statistical Test to be used in comparing CD4 levels of HIV patients before and after taking a novel anti-retroviral drug?
A
Paired T-Test
15
Q
Study design to be used if a person wants to know her appearance, educational attainment, and work experience affect the chances that she will be employed?
A
Chi-square
16
Q
If the outlying values are small resulting in a mean that is smaller than the median, we can say that the distribution is skewed to the _______.
A
Left
17
Q
A test failed to declare that there is a significant association between vaping and development of lung disease when there actually is. What type of error is present?
A
Type II error
18
Q
This error refers to falsely rejecting the null when it’s actually true?
A
Type I error
19
Q
This is a sensitive indicator of the standard of healthcare?
A
Swaroop’s Index
20
Q
Denominator of Maternal mortality rate?
A
Number of live births
21
Q
Average of all values ?
A
Mean
22
Q
Value occurring most often in a set of data?
A
Mode
23
Q
Middle most value in a set of data?
A
Median
24
Q
Examples of discrete variable ? (3)
A
- Household size
- Number of medical schools
- Hospital bed capacity
25
Are **finite number of values** possible and of use of whole number ?
Discrete variable
26
Are usually associated with **physical measurements**, values can be **fractions or decimals**?
Continuous Variable
27
Characteristics of proportion as tool of demography? (3)
1. Special type of ratio
2. Can be written as percentage
3. Numerator is part of denominator
28
Most sensitive index of the health status in the community ?
Infant mortality rate
29
Measures death in <28 days of age in a calendar year due to prenatal or genetic factors?
Neonatal mortality rate
30
Depicts level of healthcare in the community , poor maternal care , malnutrition, and poor environmental sanitation?
Infant Mortality Rate
31
This measures the killing power of the disease?
Case fatality rate
Higher CFR= More Fatal Disease
32
This is the **denominator** used in **general fertility rate?**
15-44 years old
33
Inferential statistics used in Cohort studies?
Relative Risk
34
Inferential statistics used in Case Control studies?
Odds Ratio
35
Phase of clinical research which involves a small number of healthy individuals?
Phase I
36
What Phase of clinical research includes a small number of patients with the disease ?
Phase II
37
This is the average distance of each item from the mean ?
Standard deviation
38
Formula for the coefficient of variation?
SD/ Mean x 100
39
What study design provides the greatest justification for conducting causality hence regarded as gold standard in medicine?
Randomized controlled trials
40
This type of bias occurs when in-hospital patients are used as controls?
Berkson bias
41
Patients who developed thyroid cancer are more likely to report radiation exposure than those who did not develop the disease. What type of bias is present ?
Recall bias
42
What type of bias occurs when challenging and interesting cases are paid more attention by the researchers?
Popularity bias
43
In diseases with high mortality rate, point prevalence studies will most likely _______ the number of cases.
Overestimate
44
This refers to the outside influence that may change the relationship between an independent and dependent variable?
Confounders
45
These are naming or categorical variables , they may be dichotomous or assigned?
Nominal
46
Data arranged in rank ordered categories?
Ordinal
47
Data where in value of zero is arbitrary?
Interval
48
Data where in zero is fixed or absolute?
Ratio
49
Slowly growing tumors are more likely to be diagnosed than aggressive ones. What screening issue is present?
Length bias
50
In this phenomenon, early diagnosis of a disease makes it seem like survival is longer?
Lead time bias
51
This refers to the best available test for determining whether a person has the disease?
Gold standard test
52
This type of test aims to screen the whole population?
Mass screening
53
Sampling technique: subgroups/ strata are each adequately presented?
Stratified
54
The most basic sampling design used in studies with small population , in this type of sampling , a sampling frame is necessary?
Simple Random Sampling
55
Sampling design based on an experts judgment or a set of criteria?
Purposive/ Judgment
56
Sampling technique using judgment in choosing sample population?
Purposive
57
A study wants to compare the correlation between maternal weight gain and age of gestation , what is the most appropriate graph to use?
Scatterplot
58
This states that 80% of the output in a given situation of system is produced by 20% of the input?
Pareto Principle
59
What type of population pyramid is characterized by the typical pyramid shape with a broad base and narrow top?
Expansive
60
This type of population pyramid is used to describe populations that are elderly and shrinking?
Constrictive
61
This type of population pyramid is characteristic of developed nations where birth rates are low, and quality of life is high?
Stationary
62
Epidemic stated as common source then secondary person -to - person spread?
Mixed epidemic
63
Study design that involves case finding and special surveys to establish the prevalence?
Cross-sectional
64
Exposed and non-exposed groups are followed over time to know the risk of developing a disease?
Cohort
65
A group of researchers wants to assess the impact of sun exposure on skin damage in beach volleyball players. During a tournament, players from one team wore waterproof, SPF 35 sunscreen, while players from the other team did not wear any sunscreen. At the end of the tournament, players skin from both teams was analyzed for texture, sun damage, and burns. The type of study design used is?
Cohort
66
A high rate of subjects being lost to follow-up usually leads to which bias?
Selection bias
67
Statistical power is determined by?
Sample size
68
Statistical measurement used to validate a hypothesis against observed data?
P- value
69
Odds ratio equal to 1 in a case control study?
Exposure is positively related to the disease.
70
Odds ratio of less than 1 in a case control study?
Exposure is negatively related to disease
71
Method in predicting health hazards used in conducting trial on use of a new chemical or technology?
Risk assessment
72
Planned and systemic action to ensure that clinical trials are performed in compliance with existing regulatory requirements?
Quality Control
73
Implications of having a 95% confidence interval?
The range of values that you can 95% certain contains the true mean of the population; As a sample size increases , the range of interval values will narrow.
74
Probability sampling design wherein every element has an equal chance of being included in sample?
Simple Random Sampling
75
Characteristics of Cohort Studies? (3)
1. Possible to compute for the Relative Risk
2. Sampling population from which the subjects are selected are those who are with the disease of interest
3. From the population, a sample of exposed and unexposed individuals will be selected
76
Example of a quantitative data?
Height
77
Design where reliability of resulting estimates **cannot be determined?**
Probability sampling design
78
Sampling method used for a very big population that simple random technique is not possible?
Cluster Sampling
79
Characteristics of review of related literature? (3)
1. Literature is related to research problem.
2. There is no rule setting the number of literatures to be reviewed.
3. There is no rule how old or new are the materials to be reviewed.
80
Characteristics of non-probability sampling designs? (3)
1. Reliability of resulting estimates of the sample cannot be assessed.
2. Probability of being selected in the sample is not specified.
3. Type of design used in qualitative studies.
81
If you want to select your participants based on your subjective judgment or pre specified criterion, you will use what sampling design?
Purposive Non-probability Sampling
82
A 2% decline in infant mortality rate this year (17.92%) indicates that?
17.92% babies died before their first birthday.
83
A high infant mortality rate indicates?
Poor maternal healthcare standards
84
Definition of Case fatality rate?
The proportion of persons with a particular condition who die from that condition.
85
During a given year , 15 cases of a disease are detected in a population of 1,000 high school students. Many students had mild symptoms, while among the detected cases, 5 resulted to death. Compute the case fatality rate?
5/15
86
Ratio of the number of cases to the total time the population is at risk of the disease?
Incidence Rate
87
Proportion of an initially disease free population that develops the disease during a specified period of time?
Cumulative Incidence aka Incidence Proportion
88
Measures the proportion of a population that has the disease at a given point of time?
Point prevalence
89
For the incidence rate, which information is relevant?
Midyear population at risk
90
For the prevalence rate, which information is relevant?
Number of cases at a given time
91
Bayesian statistics involves?
Conditional probability which is the probability of an **event happening**, given that it **has some relationship to one or more other events.**
92
What does an NNT of 2.2 indicate?
2 patients need to be treated in order to prevent one disease.
93
The measures used to determine the **degree or extent of variation in a data set ?**
Measures of central tendency
94
A one way ANOVA is used when?
Testing for **differences** in the means of **three or more groups.**
95
Statistical test to be used in predicting the **weight** of the students by using the **given data of height?**
Linear Regression Analysis
96
Linear Regression Analysis may be used for what purpose?
To determine the relationship between a **continuous dependent variable** and **one or more independent variables.**
97
Compute for the mean of the number of cigarettes smoked per day by a set of patients:
3, 8, 2, 20, 10, 15, 4, 7, 9, 5, 10
8.45
Mean = 93/11 = 8.45
98
Compute for the median of the number of cigarettes smoked per day by a set of patients:
3, 8, 2, 20, 10, 15, 4, 7, 9, 5, 10
8
Median
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10, 15, 20
99
Compute for the mode of the number of cigarettes smoked per day by a set of patients:
3, 8, 2, 20, 10, 15, 4, 7, 9, 5, 10
10
Mode: mostly repeated number
100
The proportion of children in an outbreak of measles detected by RT-PCR who **truly have** measles infection can be determined using ________.
Positive Predictive Value
101
Eighty percent of susceptible household contacts of a child with chickenpox develop the disease. This is expressed as what attack rate?
Secondary Attack Rate
102
Disease A occurs in 1 in 100,000 people but taking drug X reduces the incidence to 1 in 10,000,000. The relative risk reduction when taking drug X is?
99%
RRR=(CER-EER) / CER
103
If an Odds ratio of **less than 1** was computed , the conclusion is what?
The exposure is **negatively related** to the disease.
104
Well established methodology adopted in research to **prevent bias due to subject selection** , which may impact the result of the intervention/ experiment being studied?
Randomization
105
Characteristic of research stating that research should be done **within a timeframe and with resources**?
Feasibility
106
Phase in a trial wherein the subjects are a small number of healthy volunteers or patients with disease of interest?
Phase I
107
If the sensitivity of COVID RT-PCR is 90% and the Specificity is 98% , the chance of the patient to acquire a negative result in 2 months is?
1/10
108
Type of epidemic curve that depict spread of pathogen from **one susceptible host to another**, showing **series of irregular peaks** reflecting the **multigeneration** of infection **separated** by incubation periods?
Propagated source
109
Clinical medicine vs community medicine distinct difference in terms of evidence?
Clinical medicine: evidence derived from **clinical trial**
Community medicine: evidence mainly from **epidemiological field studies.**
110
Number of illnesses that occur within a **given interval over exposed**?
Incidence
111
Direct relationship between two quantitative variables?
Scatter point / Scatter plot
112
Part of research process where **sample size is computed and method of subject selection is made**?
Construction of research design
113
Quality of data shows interval between **date of occurrence and time data is used**?
Timeliness
114
Part of research process where sample size is computed and method of subject selection is made?
Construction of research design
115
Blinded in **double - blind** randomized controlled study?
All subjects and investigator
116
Refers to **output , outcome , or response** to research problem.
Dependent variable
117
Blinded in single-blind trial?
Subjects ( Study & Control groups)
118
Branch of statistics involved in the **testing of hypothesis?**
Inferential statistics
119
Group of diseased people identified by sensitivity of diagnostic test?
True positive
120
Intervention group in experimental study ?
Treatment group
121
Measurement close to its true value?
Accurate
122
Health indicator to evaluate and support from and **burden** on the working population?
Dependency ratio
123
Study describes disease in population , accounting for basic distribution?
Descriptive studies
