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PRITE- MISC > Biostats > Flashcards

Biostats Flashcards

1
Q

What research study examines a group studied over a prolonged time period? (6x)

A

COHORT

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2
Q

Which statistical method attempts to address the effects of participants dropping out of a study prior to completion? (6x)

A

LAST OBSERVATION CARRIED FORWARD

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3
Q

Groups of pts w/ MDD, dysthymic d/o, and adjustment d/o were given mood scales. In order to compare the means of scores of these three groups, most appropriate statistical methods is: (3x)

A

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

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4
Q

A case-control study would be appropriate in answering an epidemiological question when the (x3):

A

INCIDENCE OF THE DISEASE IS LOW

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5
Q

What most seriously threatens the external validity of a research study? (3x)

A

A STUDY POPULATION THAT IS NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE POPULATION TO BE TREATED

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6
Q

Test measures what it is supposed to measure (x3)

A

VALIDITY

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7
Q

Which of the following is the major negative aspect of crossover designs for research studies? (3x)

A

RESIDUAL EFFECTS

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8
Q

What is the method for estimating sample size required to detect statistical effects of defined size for variables with well-known variances is referred to as which of the following types of analysis (x3)?

A

POWER

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9
Q

What is used to report the deviation of a value from its group mean, expressed in standard deviation units? (2x)

A

Z SCORE

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10
Q

5 y/o boy becomes restless, impulsive, and difficult to manage when not given sufficient exercise. Teacher gives him increased motor activity, and his behavior improves. This is an example of: (2x)

A

GOODNESS OF FIT

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11
Q

A group of researchers studied the temperament of a group of children at age 3 months, 2 years, 5 years, and 20 years to determine relationships between initial temperamental characteristics of children who eventually had psychiatric problems. This is an example of what type of study? (2x)

A

COHORT

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12
Q

Which of the following types of studies is best suited to determine prevalence? (2x)

A

CROSS SECTIONAL

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13
Q

A rating instrument is said to have high reliability when which of the following properties is demonstrated: (x2)

A

RATINGS ARE SIMILAR AMONG DIFFERENT RATERS.

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14
Q

The purpose of designing study to use the double blind method is to (x2):

A

ELIMINATE BIAS DUE TO EXAMINER EXPECTATIONS

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15
Q

A test that detects 98% of the people who have a disease, but also provides a false positive result for many of the people without the disease, would have a: (x2)

A

HIGH SENSITIVITY AND LOW SPECIFICITY

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16
Q

A researcher wants to compare a new atypical antipsychotic medication to the already existing atypical antipsychotics. The researcher wants to conduct the study in routine clinical situations rather than using highly selected subjects. Which of the following study designs would be the most appropriate? (x2)

A

EFFECTIVENESS

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17
Q

RTC where pt receives one med for 8 weeks, then break 4 weeks, then another med for 8 weeks. what kind of study?

A

CROSSOVER

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18
Q

New instrument for PTSD does not ask about traumatic event. Raises which concern about validity?

A

CONTENT

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19
Q

Difference between incidence rates

A

ATTRIBUTABLE RISKS

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20
Q

Study design that answers whether exposure to a drug increases risk of an adverse side effect

A

COHORT

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21
Q

Study type to measure if genetic test is accurate to make dx

A

CROSS-SECTIONAL

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22
Q

Two-hit model = predisposing environmental factors combined with genetic risk

A

MONOZYGOTIC TWINS ARE DISCORDANT FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA

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23
Q

The concept of lifetime prevalence refers to the number of persons:

A

MEASURED AT A POINT IN TIME, WHO HAD A D/O AT SOME POINT DURING THEIR LIVES.

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24
Q

Examine relationship between exposure and effect by comparing patients with effect to patients without effect, assessing for prior exposure. Type of study?

A

CASE-CONTROL

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25
Q

What is type II error?

A

FINDING ANTIDEPRESSANT INEFFECTIVE WHEN IT IS ACTUALLY EFFECTIVE

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26
Q

What research design would be the most appropriate in establishing a causal relationship between childhood vaccination and onset of autism?

A

COHORT

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27
Q

Study reports difference that turns out to be by chance, what error is this?

A

TYPE I ERROR

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28
Q

Research into the complexity of healthcare systems and distribution of resources is best carried out in which fashion?

A

NATURALISTIC STUDY

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29
Q

Researchers wish to study a group of students who were exposed to a terrorist attack in which some of their classmates were killed, and compare the students to other students who had not undergone such a trauma. For the study to be considered quasi-experimental, which of the following requirements must be met?

A

BASELINE DATA MUST HAVE BEEN COLLECTED BEFORE THE EVENT

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30
Q

Company X develops new medication for depression. Although the initial trials reveal only modest, statistically insignificant mood benefits, the research team decides to analyze the drug’s effects in subgroups. By subgrouping the subject pool into 20 subgroups, the researchers find statistically significant mood benefits for men/women w birthdays in the early fall. Conclusion that can be drawn from finding is that it is:

A

AN ARTIFACT OF MULTIPLE ANALYSES

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31
Q

In the analysis of results of the national comorbidity study (1994), a nonresponse adjustment weight was included. This inclusion was important for what reason?

A

NONRESPONDERS WERE FOUND TO HAVE HIGHER RATES OF ILLNESS

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32
Q

Research suggests that the frequency of alcoholism in lesbians as compared to heterosexual women was greater only in lesbians over 55 years of age. Which of the following is considered to be the best explanation for this finding?

A

COHORT PHENOMENON RELATED TO SOCIOCULTURAL ISSUES

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33
Q

Examining relationship between exposure to psychotropic during pregnancy and Epstein’s anomaly between women with Epstein’s anomaly and a group of women who had babies w/o this anomaly is an example of

A

CASE CONTROL STUDY

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34
Q

Which study best addresses the relative influences of heritability and environment?

A

TWIN ADOPTION STUDIES

35
Q

Why don’t twin adoption studies have methodological limitations?

A

ADOPTEES ARE NOT A REPRESENTATIVE POPULATION SAMPLE.

36
Q

What is characteristic of the placebo effect?

A

THE PLACEBO EFFECT IS GREATER WHEN THE PT KNOWS THE DOCTOR.

37
Q

This quality of a study indicates that the Findings can be replicated:

A

RELIABILITY

38
Q

Results are combined from a number of studies of similar design. An overall estimate of the effect of a variable is made which incorporates the information provided by all the studies. The procedure is termed?

A

META-ANALYSIS

39
Q

A psychiatrist employed by an institution wants to use pt data for research later. How can she get the progress notes?

A

KEEP HER OWN SEPARATE RECORDS

40
Q

Small pilot study measures changes in MMSE scores to compare the efficacy of two meds for the treatment of Alzheimer’s. Data says there’s difference between meds, but not statistically significant. What do you need to do to clarify?

A

ENROLL MORE SUBJECTS TO OBTAIN A LARGER SAMPLE SIZE

41
Q

Clinical trial: 2 study meds in 8 hospitals. 20 receive drug 1 in hospitals A,B,C,D, while 20 receive drug 2 in hospitals E,F,G,H. Drug 1 is proven and indicated treatment. Which critical confounder biases the results?

A

DRUG ASSIGNMENT DEPENDS ON PARTICIPANT’S HOSPITAL.

42
Q

A clinical trial will assess the impact of two atypical antipsychotic meds on glucose intolerance. Half of the participants will start on drug 1 and then be treated with drug 2, while the other half will start on Drug 2 then drug 1. What type of experimental design?

A

CROSSOVER DESIGN

43
Q

Power analysis is a statistical method used to:

A

ESTIMATE THE SAMPLE SIZE REQUIRED TO DETECT STATISTICAL EFFECT OF A DEFINED SIZE FOR TWO OR MORE PREDICTORS.

44
Q

A crossover design is a variation of:

A

DOUBLE-BLIND

45
Q

Adoption research in one method to delineate genetic versus environmental influences on phenotype. The limitation of this approach:

A

ADOPTEES ARE NOT REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE AND ADOPTIVE AND BIOLOGICAL PARENTS MAY RESEMBLE ONE ANOTHER.

46
Q

Type of study design most likely to eliminate the bias of knowing what treatment is given to the pt:

A

DOUBLE-BLIND

47
Q

Type of study to determine relationship between risk factor and development of disease

A

COHORT STUDY

48
Q

What research design best clarifies the role of environment in behavioral genetics?

A

ADOPTION STUDY

49
Q

Twin studies of patients with schizophrenia have consistently identified substantial proportions of monozygotic twin pairs that are discordant for the illness. The most likely explanation is:

A

A “TWO-HIT” MODEL OF PATHOGENESIS EXISTS IN WHICH PREDISPOSING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS COMBINE WITH GENETIC RISKS

50
Q

The reliability of an assessment instrument, such as diagnostic interview, refers to the ability of an instrument to:

A

YIELD CONSISTENT RESULTS WHEN USED BY DIFFERENT EXAMINERS OR AT DIFFERENT TIMES.

51
Q

The extent to which an instrument represents the construct being measured is referred to as what type of validity?

A

CONTENT

52
Q

What relies on statistical review/interpretation of multiple study results?

A

META-ANALYSIS

53
Q

Researcher is reviewing a questionnaire to screen for MDD, notices that the questionnaire has no Qs pertaining to depressed mood but has a few Qs pertaining to spending sprees. What form of validity is most affected?

A

CONTENT

54
Q

Which statistic measures magnitude of difference between two intervention groups?

A

EFFECT SIZE

55
Q

Ten pts are given daily doses of a single antidepressant until their mood becomes euthymic. Eight pts respond to 1mg, one pt responds to 5mg, and one pt responds to 10mg. what best reflects the skewed distribution of effective dose in this group of pts?

A

MEDIAN

56
Q

Which research or statistical methodologies were used to develop the DSM-IV-TR?

A

DATA RE-ANALYSES AND FIELD TRIALS

57
Q

What terms best defines the degree of spread of scores about the mean?

A

STANDARD DEVIATION

58
Q

This describes the statistical concept of point prevalence:

A

THE PROPORTION OF A POPULATION WITH A SPECIFIC DISEASE AT ONE SPECIFIC TIME.

59
Q

Person estimating usefulness of tx study will use number needed to treat statistic to represent number of pts who need to be treated to produce one additional good outcome beyond that obtainable w control for comparison condition. NNT formula?

A

INVERSE OF THE ABSOLUTE RISK REDUCTION

60
Q

The number of individuals with a d/o at a specific time

A

POINT PREVALENCE

61
Q

A resident performs a research study utilizing all of the outpatients with any psychiatric disorder, who were treated during the first 2 months of the resident’s outpatient experience. The resident discovers that of the 47 patients diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder, six meet the criteria for OCD. Which of the following statistic best defines this info?

A

THE POINT PREVALENCE OF OCD IS 6/47

62
Q

A statistical term that refers to the proportion of pts with the condition in question that a test accurately detects:

A

SENSITIVITY

63
Q

A method for making a prediction based on observable data in order to assess the valve of the one variable in relation to another is

A

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

64
Q

What statistical measure should be used to determine how 2 independent variables affect the frequency of the occurrence rate of an event?

A

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

65
Q

Statistical concept of power is defined as the

A

PROBABILITY OF REJECTING NULL HYPOTHESIS WHEN IT SHOULD HAVE BEEN REJECTED

66
Q

An effectiveness study differs from an efficacy study by including what?

A

REAL WORLD CONDITIONS

67
Q

Assuming there is no significant difference btwn 2 random samples of population is:

A

NULL HYPOTHESIS

68
Q

Measure of central tendency that might best be used to analyze an outcome measure with significantly skewed distribution of its values?

A

MEDIAN

69
Q

In a skewed distribution this is a measure of central tendency and moves furthest away from the mode in the direction of skewness:

A

MEAN

70
Q

Specificity is:

A

IDENTIFYING THE # OF PT WITHOUT THE CONDITION WHO HAVE A NEG TEST RESULT

71
Q

A new screening test correctly classifies early mild impairment in 75% and correctly classifies normal mentation in 85%. What does 85% refer to?

A

SPECIFICITY

72
Q

Which is used to evaluate the relative frequencies or proportions of events in 2 populations that fall into well defined categories/2 dichotomous variables

A

CHI - SQUARE

73
Q

An 80 y/o pt presents with sudden onset seizures, hallucinations and aggressive behavior. A preliminary CT scan of head does not show abnormalities. The pt’s family wants to know what is the likelihood that the pt has no changes in his brain given the CT scan. Which of the following concepts would need to be used to respond to the family’s concerns about the CT scan results?

A

NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE

74
Q

Residents working on QI project to improve missed handoffs. Aware that this is a systemic problem. Next step?

A

DESIGN A PROTOCOL TO DETERMINE THE PREVALENCE OF MISSED HANDOFFS

75
Q

Investigators wish to maximize the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis. This probability is referred to as:

A

1 MINUS BETA

76
Q

In a properly conducted randomized trial, why don’t you include P-values in the baseline characteristics table?

A

ANY DIFFERENCES AT BASELINE MUST HAVE ARISEN BY CHANCE GIVEN RANDOMIZATION

77
Q

Dementia study with 2 groups, one with history of lorazepam use, and one without, type of study design?

A

PROSPECTIVE COHORT

78
Q

A cross sectional study shows less depressive disorders in people who use a natural pill. They then observe people from the same population for a year and find that prevalence of depression is lower in those who regularly used the pill. They then recruit a sample from the same population and randomly assign people to pill or placebo for one year. This didn’t show any difference. Assuming no major flaws in design or analysis, what is the most likely explanation for the discrepancies in results?

A

SOME UNKNOWN VARIABLE CONFOUNDED THE NON-RANDOM RESULTS

79
Q

What measure should be maximized in a screening test to miss the fewest individuals with an illness

A

SENSITIVITY

80
Q

In a randomized controlled trial, one group got usual antipsychotic and benzos for rescue. experimental group got new antipsychotic and NO rescue. Group responses equal. What threatens validity in this study?

A

CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

81
Q

This measures of disease frequency is most appropriate for determining the rate of new cases of a disorder in a given time period.

A

INCIDENCE

82
Q

In psych testing, how is content validity shown?

A

ADEQUATE SAMPLE OF AREA OF INTEREST

83
Q

What does “validity” of an assessment mean?

A

MEASURES WHAT IT INTENDS TO MEASURE

84
Q

What design measure is increased in a crossover study where study subjects serve as their own controls: Precision, between subject variation, relative cost, or number of subjects recruited

A

PRECISION

PRITE- MISC (8 decks)

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