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Biostats Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Father of epidemiology

A

John Snow

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2
Q

It was thought that
diseases were caused by
________, a poisonous
vapor or mist filled with
particles from decomposed matter
(________) that caused illnesses. It was
identifiable by its foul smell

A

“Miasma”, miasmata

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3
Q

By the help of
Epidemiology, the
__________________ was
supplanted by the “Germ
theory” – most diseases
are caused by an
infectious agent

A

“Miasmatic theory”

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4
Q

Epi = ?

A

upon

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5
Q

Demos = ?

A

Population

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6
Q

Logos = ?

A

Study of

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7
Q

The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified human populations and its application to the control of health problems

A

Epidemiology

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8
Q

The branch of medical science which
treats of epidemics

A

Epidemiology

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9
Q

is the study of “epidemics”
and their prevention

A

Epidemiology

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10
Q

Current scope of Epidemiology:

A
  • endemic communicable diseases
  • non-communicable infectious diseases
  • chronic diseases, injuries, birth defects, maternal child health, occupational health, and environmental health
  • health-related behaviors: exercise, seat belt use
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11
Q

Includes Frequency and pattern

A

Distribution

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12
Q

the number of health events (e.g. number of cases of diabetes in a population), also the relationship of
that number to the size of the population

A

Frequency

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13
Q

the occurrence of health-related events by time, place, and person

A

Pattern

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14
Q

annual, seasonal, weekly, daily, hourly, weekday versus weekend,

A

Time patterns

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15
Q

geographic variation, urban/rural differences, and location of work sites or schools

A

Place patterns

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16
Q

demographic factors (age, sex, marital
status, and socioeconomic status), as well as behaviors and environmental exposures

A

Personal Characteristics

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17
Q

Causes and other factors that influence the occurrence of disease and other health-related events

A

Determinants

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18
Q

_______ does not occur randomly in a population, but happens only when the right accumulation of ____________ or determinants exists in an individual

A

Illness, risk factors

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19
Q
  • Discover the agent, host, and environmental factors that affect health
  • Determine the relative importance of causes of illness, disability, and death
  • Identify those segments of the population that have the greatest risk from specific causes of ill health
  • Evaluate the effectiveness of health programs and services in improving population health
A

Epidemiology Purposes
in Public Health Practice

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20
Q

AIMS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

A
  1. Describe the health status of population
  2. Explain the etiology of disease
  3. Predict the frequency and distribution of disease
  4. Control diseases in populations
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21
Q

USES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

A

 Determine the magnitude and trends

 Identify the etiology or cause of disease

 Determine the mode of transmission

 Identify risk factors or susceptibility

 Determine the role of the environment

 Evaluate the impact of the control measures

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22
Q

Host

A

*Demographic characteristics
*Biological characteristics
*Socioeconomic characteristics

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23
Q

Agents

Study These Flashcards
A

*Biological agents
*Physical agents
*Chemical agents
*Nutrient agents
*Mechanical agents
*Social agents

24
Q

Environment

Study These Flashcards
A

*Physical environment
*Biological environment
*Social environment

25
Solving Health problems
Step 1: Data collection Step 2: Assessment Step 3: Hypothesis Testing Step 4: Action
26
disease occurrence among a population that is in excess of what is expected in a given time and place.
epidemic or outbreak
27
group of cases in a specific time and place that might be more than expected.
cluster
28
disease or condition present among a population at all times.
endemic
29
a disease or condition that spreads across regions.
pandemic
30
number of cases occurring during a specific period; always dependent on the size of the population during that period.
rate
31
Increasing amount of disease
Sporadic > Endemic > Epidemic > Pandemic
32
Epidemiology Study types
Experimental Observational
33
Examining the distribution of a disease in a population, and observing the basic features of its distribution in terms of time, place, and person
DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY
34
Testing a specific hypothesis about the relationship of a disease to a putative cause, by conducting an epidemiologic study that relates the exposure of interest to the disease of interest
ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
35
Typical study design: community health survey (approximate synonyms - cross-sectional study, descriptive study)
Descriptive epidemiology
36
Typical study designs: cohort, case-control
Analytic epidemiology
37
When was the population affected? Where was the population affected? Who was affected?
Descriptive epidemiology
38
How was the population affected? Why was the population affected?
Analytic epidemiology
39
Tests hypotheses about: * Why * How Comparing groups with different rates of disease occurrence and with differences in demographic characteristics, genetic or immunologic make-up, behaviors, environmental exposures, and other potential risk factors
ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY
40
An epidemiologist:
Counts Divides Compares
41
To measure frequency of a disease or event, pay attention to the numerator (cases) and the denominator (population at risk)
Measuring Frequency
42
MEASURES OF DISEASE FREQUENCY
* ratios * proportions * prevalence, incidence * risks, rates, odds all functions of numerators (cases) and denominators (population at risk or those at risk but disease free)
43
the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient) (A/B)
Ratio
44
a ratio that relates the part (the numerator) to the whole (the denominator) — numerator always part of the denominator (A/A+B)
Proportions
45
The total number of cases (existing cases) of the disease in the population at a given time
Prevalence
46
The total number of cases in the population, divided by the number of individuals in the population
Prevalence
47
It is a proportion and is usually expressed as a percentage
Prevalence
48
The total number of NEW cases of the disease in a population at risk of the disease in a defined time period
Incidence
49
The total number of NEW cases in the population, divided by the total number of individuals at risk of the disease in the population
Incidence Again, it is a proportion (RISK) and can be expressed as a percentage
50
Is number of events over number of possible events
Risk
51
Is defined as the number of events to the number of non-events
Odds
52
velocity at which new cases of a particular disease (or outcome of interest) occur in a population at risk for the disease
Rate
53
* Compare a group of individuals with disease (“case” group) and a group (“control” group) without disease with respect to the factor of interest (exposure/treatment) * Retrospective or prospective
Case Control
54
A sample of a reference population is examined at a given point in time
Cross-sectional
55
* A sample of a reference population is examined at a given point in time * A “cohort” is defined and individuals are classified as to exposure levels * Study participants are followed over time and assessed for the development of disease
Cohort

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