Biotech Flashcards
Chapter 3 Lesson 6 (22 cards)
What is biotechnology
The use of living organisms, or parts of them, to develop new products or processes
What are Restriction Enzymes?
Enzymes that cut DNA at specific spots called recognition sites.
Think scissors
Ex: Scientists use restriction enzymes to cut out a gene from one organism and insert it into another (like putting the insulin gene into bacteria)
What is DNA Ligase do?
Sticks two pieces of DNA together by forming a bond between them.
Think Glue or Tape
Ex: After DNA is cut by restriction enzymes and you want to paste in a new gene.
What is Gel Electrophoresis?
Separates DNA fragments by size using electricity.
DNA is placed in a gel, and an electric current pushes it through. Small pieces move farther, big ones move slower.
Ex: Like sorting people through a crowded hallway—smaller people get through faster.
What are Plasmids / Vectors ?
Small loops of DNA (usually from bacteria) that can carry new genes into cells.
What is Transformation?
Inserting foreign DNA into a cell—often using plasmids or viruses.
Think updating a phone with new software.
Useful bc : The cell starts using the new gene to do useful things, like making insulin or cleaning up toxins.
Where are restriction enzymes found naturally?
In bacteria, to defend against invading viruses.
What is a recognition site?
A short, specific DNA sequence where a restriction enzyme cuts.
What’s the difference between sticky and blunt ends?
Sticky ends have overhanging bases; blunt ends are straight cuts.
What is a plasmid?
A small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria, often used as a vector.
What is a vector in biotechnology?
A vehicle used to carry foreign DNA into a host cell (e.g., plasmid or virus).
Why are viruses effective vectors?
They naturally insert genetic material into host cells. Scientists disable harmful parts to use them safely.
What is the purpose of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
To amplify (copy) DNA segments rapidly.
What does PCR mimic?
Natural DNA replication
What is RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)?
A method of comparing DNA by analyzing fragment lengths created by restriction enzymes.
What is a polymorphism?
A difference in DNA sequences between individuals (coding or non-coding).
What is DNA sequencing?
Determining the exact order of bases (A, T, C, G) in DNA.
What makes the Sanger method of sequencing stop DNA replication?
Dideoxy analogues, which lack a 3’ OH group.
How does an mRNA vaccine work?
It gives cells instructions to make a harmless viral protein, training your immune system to recognize and fight the real virus.
What is CRISPR?
A gene-editing tool that can precisely cut and change DNA.
Give two uses for CRISPR.
Correcting genetic disorders; engineering crops.
What are two ethical concerns about CRISPR?
Designer babies and unintended long-term effects.
