biotechnology

Question 1

DNA sequencing

Answer 1

determining order of nucleotides

Question 2

robotic sequencing

Answer 2

• Tag nucleotides with colors
• Shoot DNA pieces by a camera
• Order of colors reveals order of nucleotides

Question 3

DNA cloning: restriction enzymes

Answer 3

Their function is to cut apart viral DNA to prevent infection, but we can use them for our purposes.

Question 4

restriction enzymes cut DNA at

Answer 4

a specific sequence of nucleotides

Question 5

HINDIII cuts at:

Answer 5

AAGCTT (cuts anywhere this sequence is found, making many pieces of DNA)

Question 6

restriction enzymes usually cut unevenly, creating

Answer 6

sticky ends (ends want to stick to matching sequence)

Question 7

recombinant DNA

Answer 7

DNA created from multiple sources

Question 8

how does recombinant DNA work?

Answer 8

 Cut DNA from each source with the same restriction enzyme (matching sticky ends)
 Mix DNA from both sources
 Sticky ends from different sources attach
 DNA ligase enzyme bonds sources together

Question 9

plasmids

Answer 9

small circular pieces of DNA (not chromosomes) that have NON ESSENTIAL genes on them

Question 10

bacteria pass ___ to each other

Answer 10

plasmids

Question 11

DNA cloning uses ____ to…

Answer 11

bacteria to make copies of DNA pieces

Question 12

how do you find the bacteria that has the plasmid?

Answer 12

the environment contains an antibiotic, plasmids contain defense against this antibiotic. The bacteria WITHOUT plasmids DIE.

Question 13

how do you find plasmid with foreign DNA in it?

Answer 13

plasmids withOUT DNA have an intact lacZ gene that turns the colony blue. plasmids WITH the DNA have disrupted lacZ gene and produce white colonies.

Question 14

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a fast way of

Answer 14

duplicating DNA (minutes or hours)

Question 15

what does PCR use?

Answer 15

NOT bacteria, instead enzymes from bacteria in hot springs

Question 16

PCR process is driven by

Answer 16

temperature changes

Question 17

PCR process: 1. denaturing

Answer 17

-95 C
-separates DNA strands (no helices)

Question 18

PCR process: annealing

Answer 18

-68 C
-add/mix in primer sticks to target DNA sequence

Question 19

PCR process: elongation

Answer 19

-72 C
-DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
-from species that live in hot environments to avoid denaturing

Question 20

each PCR cycle step

Answer 20

doubles the number of target sequences

Question 21

identical twins have identical

Answer 21

DNA

Question 22

how do twins arise?

Answer 22

1 fertilized egg splits in half

Question 23

artificial splint

Answer 23

reproductive cloning

Question 24

somatic cell nuclear transfer

Answer 24

take DNA out of somatic cell, take DNA out of an egg, put DNA from somatic cell into egg. Egg does not need to be fertilized because it has 2 copies of DNA.
*DNA instructs egg to grow into genetic copy of first individual

Question 25

to clone, cells must be tricked..

Answer 25

into going back into the embryonic state * Turns on all instructions again * Very difficult

Question 26

DOLLy the sheep

Answer 26

the sheep was the first cloned sheep in 1977

Question 27

why do cloned animals have health problems?

Answer 27

 Adult cell telomeres are already used up leading to health issues * Premature aging

Question 28

how can restriction enzymes be used to tell people apart?

Answer 28

* Individuals have different numbers of restriction sites * Size of pieces will be different

Question 29

DNA electrophoresis separates pieces by

Answer 29

size

Question 30

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Answer 30

o A DNA sequence variation that occurs when a single nucleotide (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the genome sequence is altered o We know of 4.5 million SNPs o There are many more we have not found

Question 31

DNA tests look for

Answer 31

o From cells in spit o Search for common SNPs

Question 32

genetic engineering: intentionally change a __ to make something new

Answer 32

genome

Question 33

transgenic organism

Answer 33

Has genes from more than 1 species

Question 34

typical modified microorganisms:

Answer 34

Usually use bacteria (prokaryote) and yeast (fungi, eukaryote) are small and easy to grow

Question 35

transgenic bacteria used to make

Answer 35

insulin

Question 36

GMO crops attempt to avoid

Answer 36

environmental problems while having a high yield

Question 37

GMO crop advantages

Answer 37

 More resistant to diseases and pests (reduces pesticide use) -more resistant to herbicides  Increase nutrients

Question 38

biggest GMO concern

Answer 38

* Transgenic genes appearing in wild plants: moderate concern o Weed could get new genes, and you cannot get the genes back.

Question 39

gene therapy is treatment for

Answer 39

genetic disorders

Question 40

problem with gene therapy on children with no immune system?

Answer 40

o Gene enters at random spot on chromosome: can be bad if they disable cell cycle control genes o Can cause cancer o Risk for treatment was not worth it

Question 41

genomes are all ____ in an organisms DNA

Answer 41

genes

Question 42

number of ___ does not have to do with complexity

Answer 42

genes

Question 43

genomic size:

Answer 43

o Number of bases is not directly related to complexity o Number of genes not directly related to complexity

Question 44

helpful comparisons related to genome size

Answer 44

 Number of base pairs (measured in haploid cells like gametes)  Number of genes  Density: genes per million bases

Question 45

number of base pairs in humans (in haploid cells)

Answer 45

3 billion

Question 46

number of genes in humans

Answer 46

21,000

Question 47

density in humans

Answer 47

7

Question 48

eukaryotes have a lot of

Answer 48

noncoding DNA (prokaryotes have NONE)

Question 49

short tandem repeats

Answer 49

 Repeating series of the same sequence of 2-5 bases  Useful for distinguishing individuals

Question 50

transposable elements can move from ...

Answer 50

one location in DNA to another

Question 51

transposable elements make up a large % of

Answer 51

noncoding DNA (20-50% in mammals, 80% in corn )