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biol 142 > Gene expression AND regulation > Flashcards

Gene expression AND regulation Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

genetic info is permanently stored in

A

DNA

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2
Q

transcription:

A

copies genetic info from DNA to RNA (converting info into a different form without changing the information)
Info is temporarily stored in RNA

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3
Q

translation

A

coverts genetic information in RNA to a protein (info is turned into different thing)
 Protein perform some function

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4
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

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5
Q

RNA is similar to DNA but

A

has ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose

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6
Q

RNA can base pair with DNA but…

A

RNA uses U instead of T to pair with A

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7
Q

RNA base pairs:

A

C and G
A and U

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8
Q

backbone of RNA

A

ribose

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9
Q

why is RNA single stranded

A

its main function is to USE info, not store it. so the one strand makes it more easily accessible.

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10
Q

where are codons located

A

DNA and RNA

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11
Q

if nucleotides are like letters, codons…

A

are the words of all living things (spelt by nucleotides)

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12
Q

codons function

A

translate info in DNA to proteins that we ultimately want

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13
Q

codons code for

A

specific amino acids

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14
Q

triplet code

A

3 nucleotide sequence that is code for one of 20 amino acids

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15
Q

____ total codons

A

64 total
61 code for amino acids
3 are stop codons

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16
Q

what is the start codon?

A

AUG (also codes for methionine)

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17
Q

redundancy is often seen in the __ letter of the codon wheel thingy

A

last

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18
Q

a given amino acid can be coded for by …

A

more than 1 codon

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19
Q

codons are/are not evenly distributed between amino acids?

A

are not

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20
Q

what aspect of codons reduces effect of mutations ?

A

the redundancy (64 codons for only 20 amino acids)

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21
Q

mRNA

A

copied from DNA

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22
Q

rRNA

A

-forms ribosomes
-provides location for tRNA to pair with mRNA and hangs on to growing proteinn

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23
Q

tRNA:

A

-carries amino acids to ribosome
-translates genetic code into amino acids
-anticodons are complementary to mRNA codons

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24
Q

exons

A

useful parts of mRNA

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25
introns
unused parts of mRNA
26
RNA splicing
removes introns and connects exons
27
RNA can code protein domain:
protein pieces that provide new function combine domains to create new cellular machines
28
mutations are ___ errors
uncorrected
29
mutations can arise from
 Wrong base  Missing base  Extra base
30
mutations alter
instructions in DNA
31
point mutation
one changed nucleotide -Can change amino acids in proteins *Altered protein may have a different 3D shape *Altered protein may not be able to do its job as well
32
neutral/silent mutation
has no effect on protein
33
silent mutation: purpose of redundancy
 May sub a chemically similar amino acid so that protein still makes the same shape and therefore function
34
frameshift mutation
inserting or deleting nucleotides  Very bad  3 nucleotide codon sequence is off  Creates nonsense genes  Often results in an early stop codon
35
differential gene expression
changing what proteins are being made
36
cell function is based on
what genes are being used
37
gene expression: whether a gene is
turned off or not (can be a gradient)
38
gene expression can be controlled at different steps:
* DNA packing * Transcription * RNA processing and breakdown * Translation * Protein processing and breakdown
39
chromatin
DNA + proteins holding it
40
DNA is wrapped around
histones: * Histone tails stabilize DNA * Creates nucleosome
41
RNA polymerase splits and unwinds DNA to copy it, but...
 DNA can be tightly coiled on histones  Tightly coiled DNA leaves no room for RNA polymerase * Gene may be coiled up * Promoter may be coiled up * Gene is inactivated  No proteins from inactivated genes
42
histone modification affects ___ availability
DNA
43
histone methylation
DNA is wrapped tightly and is unavailable
44
histone acetylation
DNA is rapped less tightly and is available
45
what helps control transcription?
transcription factors
46
general transcription factors:
needed for all genes
47
specific transcription factors
control specific genes
48
activators vs repressors
* Activators increase transcription * Repressors decrease transcription
49
gene control elements organize
transcription factors
50
where are gene control elements?
in non-coding DNA
51
enhancers:
group of gene control elements
52
alternative RNA splicing
different portions of instructions can be kept or removed
53
one pre-mRNA can code for
multiple proteins (spliced differently for each)
54
pre-mRNA:
mRNA without introns removed
55
_____ molecules can block translation of specific mRNA
regulator (specific protein is not made)
56
deactivating ribosomes
controls translation of ALL mRNA (no proteins are made)
57
when are deactivating ribosomes useful?
when a virus is present
58
inheritance patterns are NOT caused by
order of DNA nucleotides
59
epigenetics
study of non-sequence DNA changes
60
epigenetic
how cells control gene activity without changing the DNA sequence.
61
epigenome:
all the epigenetic changes that have happened to ur DNA
62
DNA methylation is an example of epigenetic change:
methyl group attached to DNA due to life experiences, prevents some genes from being expressed.
63
methylation is a gradient:
o Can have more or less methylation and it will either be transcribed more or less o Like a dimmer switch
64
____ cells can become anything
embryonic
65
as body develops, cells ____.
differentiate: become specialized and can no longer become everything
66
epigenetics and cancer: some genes are unmethylated
o Turned on o More transcription than normal o Genes that promote cell growth and division
67
epigenetics and cancer: some genes are strongly methylated
o Turned off o Genes that stop cell growth o Genes that repair DNA o Genes that help cell kill itself
68
epigenetics and daughter cells:
* Cells divide to form daughter cells * Cells pass on experiences to daughter cells o Daughter cells are prepared for similar experiences * New DNA is methylated o Teaches new cell what environments are like
69
only ____ of human genome codes for proteins
1.5%
70
even though only 1.5% of DNA makes proteins...
about 75% of DNA is transcribed at some point, making noncoding
71
even though only 1.5% of DNA makes proteins...
about 75% of DNA is transcribed at some point, making noncoding RNA that controls whether proteins are made or not
72
microRNA and small interfering RNA regulates translation of
specific mRNA -bind to mRNA -block translation or tag for destruction
73
how are cancer cells different?
 1. They divide when they should not  2. They invade surrounding tissues  3. They move to other locations
73
mRNA
copied from DNA
73
long noncoding RNA
 packages DNA more tightly in chromosomes  involved in X inactivation
74
cell cycle control system coordinates
key events in cell cycle
74
cell cycle control system generates its own
74
cell cycle control system stops at checkpoints:
-Control point to ensure conditions are right for continuing cycle * G1 * G2 * Metaphase
74
cell cycle control system checkpoints are regulated by
proteins
75
mutations in cell cycle control system regulating proteins may lead to
unregulated cell cycle (can lead to tumors and cancer)
76
porto-oncogenes:
genes which promote cell division
77
porto-oncogenes can be mutated to form
oncogenes (cancer genes)
78
tumor suppressor genes:
stop cell division if conditions are unfavorable
79
tumor supressor genes help regulate
cell cycle checkpoints
80
mutations in DNA repair genes
-Reduces ability to correct mistakes * Can dramatically increase rate of new mutations
81
agiogenesis
:stimulatesformationof new blood vessels to give cancer nutrients
82
more than one _____ to form cancer cells
mutations needed
83
some types of mutations that cancer needs:
* Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes * Inactivation of DNA error checking and repair * Proto-oncogenes into oncogenes * Loss of contact inhibition: cells divide even when in dense groups * Loss of anchorage dependence: cells divide when not attached to anything * Reactivation of telomerase enzyme
84
ways to detect cancer:
-Find denser tissue * Proteins in blood * Biopsy: examine surgically removed cells
85
chemotherapy
Injected chemicals selectively kill dividing cells
86
radiation
High-energy particles used to damage DNA and kill cancer cells

biol 142 (17 decks)

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