Biotechnology

Question 1

What was the beginning of the era of recombinant DNA technology?

Answer 1

The discovery of restriction endonucleases in bacteria

Question 2

What is a common approach used to clone a specific gene?

Answer 2

Insert a set of DNA fragments that together make up an entire genome of the organism into a population of E coli
All of the E coli cells= DNA library because each cell contains a portion of the total genome of the organism

Question 3

What is a subunit vaccine?

Answer 3

composed of a purified antigenic determinant that is separated from the disease-causing organism

Question 4

Define iatrogenic infection

Answer 4

“brought forth by a healer”- illness caused by or resulting from medical treatment

Question 5

Define nosocomial infection

Answer 5

result of treatment in a hospital, but secondary to the patients original condition

Question 6

Sterilization

Answer 6

Absence of all life

Question 7

Disinfection

Answer 7

Killing/removing pathogens

Question 8

Antiseptic

Answer 8

disinfectant applied to tissue

Question 9

Bactericide

Answer 9

substance that kills/removes only bacteria

Question 10

Sepsis

Answer 10

sever infection leading to a systemic immune response

Question 11

asepsis

Answer 11

using aseptic technique

Question 12

microbiostasis

Answer 12

inhibition of microbe growth

Question 13

activity

Answer 13

drugs tested to determine the lowest concentration which inhibits microbe- aka MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration)

Question 14

combination therapy

Answer 14

use of more than 1 antibiotic to increase spectrum or killing effect

Question 15

synergism

Answer 15

increased killing effect by using multiple antibiotics

Question 16

antagonism

Answer 16

1 antibiotic interferes with the action of another

Question 17

What are the 3 methods of sterilization?

Answer 17

moist heat- steam, boiling water
autoclave- steam with pressure
dry heat- flame, oven

Question 18

What are the antibiotics that are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

Answer 18

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Bacitracin
Vancomycin
Isoniazid

Question 19

What are the cell membrane diruptors antibiotics?

Answer 19

Polymyxin B and E

Question 20

What are the antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 20

Streptomycin
Tetracyline
Chloramphenicol
Erythromycin
Spectinomycin

Question 21

What are the antibiotics that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 21

Rifampin

Quinolones

Question 22

What are the antimetabolite antibiotics?

Answer 22

Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs)

Trimethoprim/Nitrofurantoin/ Bactrum

Question 23

What do inhibitors of cell wall synthesis do?

Answer 23

Prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan by binding to enzyme receptor sites

Question 24

What antibiotics are B-lactam chemical structure?

Answer 24

Penicillin and derivatives (ampicillin, amoxicillin)

Cephalosporins (derivatives grouped into generations)

Question 25

Which inhibitor of cell wall synthesis is only used topically and why?

Answer 25

Bacitracin | - because it's toxic to kidneys

Question 26

What is vancomycin used for?

Answer 26

Initially to fight Staph Now used for systemic infections Quite toxic- damage to kidneys, nerve deafness, skin rashes

Question 27

What does isoniazid do?

Answer 27

Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acids in cell walls of mycobacteria Active against myobacteria only

Question 28

What do polymyxin B and E do?

Answer 28

Replace Mg and Ca from membrane lipids disrupting the structure of the bacterial cell membrane topical use only because toxic

Question 29

Which inhibitor of protein synthesis is often used in conjunction with penicillin?

Answer 29

streptomycin- synergistic effects in streptococcal infections

Question 30

What are the derivatives of streptomycin?

Answer 30

kanamycin | gentamycin

Question 31

Which inhibitor of protein synthesis can cause photosensitivity, renal toxicity, and stained teeth particularly in children?

Answer 31

Tetracycline

Question 32

Which inhibitor of protein synthesis can cause aplastic anemia?

Answer 32

Chloramphenicol

Question 33

Which inhibitor of protein synthesis is given to those allergic to penicillin?

Answer 33

Erythromycin | - mildly toxic

Question 34

Which antibiotic is used to treat TB in combo with others? And what category of antibiotic is it?

Answer 34

Rifampin - inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis - not toxic

Question 35

Which inhibitor of nucleic acid syntheis inhibits DNA replication?

Answer 35

Quinolones - ex: Cipro - bacteriocidal

Question 36

What do sulfa drugs do?

Answer 36

``` Precursor to antibiotics, antimicrobial agents - derived from sulfonic acid inhibit folic acid synthesis can fight protozoa infections ex: dapsone used to treat leprosy ```

Question 37

What are clinical problems associated with antibiotic use?

Answer 37

Infection continues even if symptoms subside Affects normal flora Microbes become resistant Toxicitiy Sensitization- develop rashes, fever, anaphylaxis