Biotechnology microbiology

Question 1

Industrial microbiology

Answer 1

production of compounds that the microbes could already produce
– Large amounts – Antibiotics

Question 2

Biotechnology

Answer 2

microbes altered by geneCc engineering to produce foreign compounds
– Small amounts – Human hormones

Question 3

CharacterisCcs of industrially useful microbes

Answer 3

•  Capable of growth and product formaCon in
large-‐‐scale culture •  Spore producer •  Rapid growth •  Quick synthesis of product •  Inexpensive culture medium
– Corn steep liquor – Whey
•  Not pathogenic •  Able to be geneCcally manipulated

Question 4

Primary metabolite

Answer 4

directly involved in normal growth,

development, and reproducCon •  Ethanol

Question 5

Secondary metabolite—

Answer 5

•  NOT directly involved
in normal growth, development, and reproducCon; forms near end of growth or
staConary phase •  NonessenCal for
growth •  OpCmal condiCons •  ProducCon coupled with sporulaCon
•  AnCbioCcs

Question 6

Industrial microbiology

Answer 6

—fermentaCon—ANY large-‐‐scale microbial growth

Question 7

IsolaCon of new anCbioCcs

Answer 7

15 years, $1 billion •  Discovery to
clinical usage •  Clinical trials •  Analysis •  FDA approval
Develop high-‐‐ yielding strains Purify from cells

Question 8

TesCng for spectrum of acCvity of new anCbioCc

Answer 8

Clinically effecCve •  Non-‐‐toxic

Question 9

β-‐‐lactam anCbioCc producCon

Answer 9

Produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus sp.

Question 10

Penicillin fermentaCon

Answer 10

40,000-‐‐200,000 L fermentaCons
•  AeraCon
•  Produced when carbon is nearly exhausted
•  Corn steep liquor— nitrogen and growth factors
•  Whey—lactose

Question 11

Vitamin B12—synthesized only by

Answer 11

microbes

– Propionibacterium

Question 12

Riboflavin

Answer 12

—needed in FAD and FMN (oxidaCon-‐‐reducCon)

– Ashbya

Question 13

Microbial producCon of alcoholic beverages

Answer 13

Wine •  Beer •  DisClled spirits

Question 14

Tannin

Answer 14

chemicals extracted into the juice from the grape skins during fermentaCon

Question 15

Na2S2O5

Answer 15

sulfite used to kill wild yeasts

Question 16

MalolacCc fermentaCon

Answer 16

malic acid to lacCc acid—occurs in barrels
–  Lactobacillus
–  Pediococcus–  Oenococcus
–  Acid tolerant (pH

Question 17

Biofuels

Answer 17

Biofuels
•  Fuels whose energy is derived from recent carbon fixaCon
•  Industrial producCon by Saccharomyces
•  Ethanol—burns clean •  Biodiesel—made from vegetable oil •  Algal fuels—produced from algae
•  U.S.—corn-‐‐derived fuels •  Brazil—sugar cane

Question 18

Gasohol

Answer 18

Ethanol added to gasoline •  10% ethanol •  E85: 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline

Question 19

Expressing mammalian genes in bacteria

Answer 19

Must be intron-‐‐free •  Clone mature mRNA •  cDNA synthesis

complementary DNA

Question 20

Expressing mammalian genes in bacteria

Answer 20

•  Must be intron-‐‐free
•  Deduce sequence of gene from amino acid sequence of protein
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•  Insulin •  Interferon

Question 21

Fusion proteins

Answer 21

Strong, regulated promoter fused with gene for protein to be expressed
•  Signal sequence for secreCon

Question 22

Somatotrophin producCon

Answer 22

Lack results in dwarfism in humans
– Normal growth when supplemented with somatotrophin
– SCmulates lactaCon
•  rBST (recombinant bovine somatotrophin)— sCmulates milk producCon in cows