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Birds Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do birds often present just before they die?

A

The masking phenomenon

-Mask symptoms until physically can’t anymore

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2
Q

Since birds often present with limited physical signs, what can you use to determine if, or what, is wrong?

A

Diagnostic tests

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3
Q

What 4 biochemical parameters aren’t useful in interpreting liver function birds?

A

ALT
Alkaline phosphatase
Bilirubin
Albumin

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4
Q

What biochemistry parameters do you look at for hepatocellular rupture?

A

AST
CK
GLDH

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5
Q

What biochemistry parameters do you look at for cholestasis?

A

GGT

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6
Q

What biochemistry parameters do you look at for liver function?

A

Bile acids

Total protein

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7
Q

What 2 biochemical parameters aren’t useful in determining kidney function?

A

Creatinine

Phosphorus

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8
Q

What 4 biochemical parameters are important in determining reproductive function?

A

Calcium
Total protein
Cholesterol
Triglycerides

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9
Q

What 3 things cause hyperglycaemia in birds?

A

Can be normal
Stress
Diabetes mellitus
-can only be determined after serial tests

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10
Q

What 3 things can cause hypoglycaemia in birds?

A

Anorexia
Sepsis
Testing delay

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11
Q

How can you increase the accuracy of serology tests?

A

Serial or parallel testing

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12
Q

What are the 3 components of a bird blood count?

A

Erythrocytes - nucleated
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes - don’t have platelets

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13
Q

What is the PCV of parrots?

A

40-55%

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14
Q

When can you see primary polycythaemia? (Inc. Hgb conc.)

A

Bone marrow dysplasia

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15
Q

Are RBC numbers higher or lower than in mammals?

A

Lower

-They are bigger in birds so don’t need as many

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16
Q

What 5 things can affect the total red blood cell number?

A 
Age
Sex
Environment
Hormonal influences
Hypoxia
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17
Q

What do bird erythrocytes look like?

A

Elliptical

Central oval nucleus

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18
Q

What pathway is the major one responsible for blood clotting?

A

Extrinsic pathway

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19
Q

What will be elevated in a biochemistry test if there has been a significant loss of renal tubules?

A

Uric acid

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20
Q

What are 5 clinical signs that a bird is sick?

A 
Sunken eyes
Mucoid saliva
Decreased capillary refill
Wrinkling/tenting of skin
Decreased urinary output
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21
Q

How do you deliver fluid therapy to a sick bird? -amounts, not the route

A

10% body weight daily for 3 days
Then reduce to 5-7.5% daily
-Divide the daily total requirement into 2 or 3 doses

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22
Q

What 4 routes of administration of fluids can you use?

A

Oral
Sub-cutaneous
Intra-venous
Intra-osseus

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23
Q

What are 3 clinical signs of hypothermia?

A

Feathers fluffed
Lethargic and sleeping a lot
Unable to remain on perch

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24
Q

At what temperature should you heat a cage to treat hypothermia?

A

30-32 degrees

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25
What are the 5 clinical signs of catabolism in a sick bird?
``` Food untouched Faeces Urates small Weight loss 'Going light'- loosing muscle ```
26
What are 3 ways you can treat catabolism in a sick bird?
Place food and water in easy accessible areas and offer favourite foods Crop gavage with hand rearing formula Oesophagostomy tubes
27
What are 5 clinical signs of respiratory compromise in a sick bird?
``` Open mouth breathing Increased respiratory effort Audible respiratory noise Cyanosis Collapse ```
28
How do you treat a bird with respiratory compromise?
``` Acute- Check for tracheal obstruction Air sac catheter Chronic- Oxygen therapy ```
29
What are the 2 types of pain in birds?
Acute pain- Fight or flight response Chronic pain- Conservation-withdrawal response
30
What 3 things do you do to treat pain in a bird?
Remove source of pain Calm the bird Drugs
31
What drugs can you use as analgesia in birds?
``` Opioids- Butorphanol Morphine Tramadol NSAIDS- Meloxicam ```
32
What is special about the bird's response to blood loss?
Can withstand greater amount of blood loss Don't have autonomic response that contributes to haemorrhagic shock Ability to mobilise large numbers of immature erythrocytes
33
What is wrong with feeding birds high seed diets?
High in fat, carbohydrates and phosphorus | But low in protein, vitamins, calcium and other minerals
34
What 7 diseases can be a result from feeding high seed diets?
``` Hypovitaminosis A Hepatic lipidosis Diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular disease Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism Skin and feather dystrophies Immunosuppression ```
35
What does hypovitaminosis A result in?
Hyperkeratinisation of the epithelial cells - Upper respiratory tract Upper GIT Ureters -Predisposes these sites to 2ndry infections or dysfunction
36
What type of cardiovascular disease can be cause by high seed diets?
Atherosclerosis
37
What species of chlamydia is of most importance?
Chlamydia psittaci | Has 5 serovars
38
How is chlamydia classified?
Gram negative Non-motile Obligate intracellular
39
What are clinical signs of psittacosis?
``` Respiratory- Conjunctivitis Dyspnoea Sneezing with purulent discharge Gastrointestinal/hepati- Diarrhoea Biliverdinuria 'Sick bird look' Other- Poor feathering Neurological signs Polyuria Infertility ```
40
How is psittacosis transmitted?
``` Ingestion or inhalation Maybe egg transmission Incubation period 4days to 2years Shedding starts 72hours after infection Infection can be latent Short immunity after infection ```
41
Where are inclusion bodies usually found in cases of psittacosis?
Serosal membranes Liver Spleen Affected air sacs
42
What 3 tests are usually used to help diagnose chlamydiosis?
PCR Immunocomb test for IgG Ancillary testing - total white cell count
43
What 3 antibiotics can be used to treat chlamydiosis?
Tetracyclines Enrofloxacin Azithromycin
44
What can you use to disinfect surfaces from chlamydiosis?
Heat Quaternary ammonium products 70% ethanol 3% hydrogen peroxide
45
What are the clinical signs in people of psittacosis?
``` Flu like symptoms- Fever, chills Pneumonia Headache Weakness, fatigue Myalgia Chest pain Anorexia Nausea, vomiting ```
46
What are the two forms of psittacine beak and feather disease?
Acute and chronic
47
What are the clinical signs and features of acute beak and feather disease?
``` Juveniles around weaning Lethargy Fluffed Anorexic Pancytopaenia and non-regenerative anaemia Severe hepatic necrosis Feather lesions ```
48
What are the clinical signs and features of chronic beak and feather disease?
Progressive replacement with dystrophic feathers May loose tail feathers and primary flight feathers May have untidy plumage Colour changes Beak lesions in cockatoos Immunosuppresion
49
How is beak and feather disease transmitted?
Shed in faeces, crop secretions and feather dust Possible vertical transmission Incubation of 21-25 days
50
How can you diagnose beak and feather disease?
Basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in feather follicles Feathers and skin with multifocal to diffuse necrosis Beak has hyperkeratosis Thymus and bursa atrophy
51
How do you treat a bird with beak and feather disease?
Avian interferon possibly if before clinical signs Supportive care Most infected birds die within 2 years from immunosuppression complications
52
What 3 things can you do to treat cloacal prolapse?
Correct behaviour Ventoplasty Cloacopexy
53
What bird does phallic prolapse occur in, and what is the treatment?
``` Waterfowl Treatment- Sexual rest NSAID's Antibiotics Temporary ventoplasty Amputation ```
54
What ovarian problem can present as dyspnoeic?
Ovarian cysts | -Space occupying lesion
55
What oviductal problems can birds get?
Salphingitis Metritis Yolk peritonitis
56
What are the predisposing factors to egg binding?
Very young or very old Malnutrition and obesity Excessive egg production Lack of physical fitness
57
What are the 6 aetiologies of egg binding?
``` Oviductal muscle dysfunction Calcium deficiency Myositis Concurrent salpingitis or metritis Systemic problems ```
58
What are some of the clinical signs of egg binding?
``` Excessive straining Penguin-like posture Dyspnoea Collapse Coelomic distension ```
59
How do you diagnose a bird with egg binding?
``` History of egg-laying Clinical signs Coelomic palpation Coelomic radiography Coelomic ultrasound ```
60
What can you inject into a bird that has egg binding to help the process?
Calcium gluconate every 3-6 hours | If still nothing - intra-cloacal PGE2 gel
61
What 3 fractures can you use a Y bandage for?
Humeral Antebrachial Carpal
62
What 2 fractures can you use a figure 8 bandage for?
Antebrachial Carpal -NOT humeral
63
What leg joint can't you immobilise without surgery?
Coxo-femoral
64
What are the 3 phases of behavioural analysis?
A - Antecedent B- Behaviour C - Consequences
65
What percentage of the day in a wild bird is used by foraging and social behaviours?
80% foraging 20% Social -Captive is opposite
66
What 4 things makes a bird anaesthetic different?
Anatomy Metabolism Tendency to loose heat quickly Usually chronically ill
67
How long should you fast a bird before anaesthesia?
3-4 hours | If necessary remove crop contents
68
How long can it take for profound hypothermia to occur in an anaesthetised bird?
20 minutes
69
What things should you do to prepare a bird for anaesthesia?
``` Weigh Fast Assess respiration from a distance Palpate crop and abdomen Measure PCV, TPP and blood glucose Maybe pre-emptive analgesia ```
70
How do you induce small birds and waterfowl/large birds for anaesthesia?
Small birds- Wrap loosely and mask induce Water/large birds- Induce via IV from catheter
71
When should you intubate a bird during anaesthesia?
Longer procedure Compromised patient Rare or valuable

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