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Mammals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the average lifespan of a rabbit?

A

12 years

6-8 median

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2
Q

When do rabbits reach sexual maturity?

A

Male 4-7 months
Female 4-9 months
-dwarf breeds earlier

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3
Q

How long is the gestation length of a rabbit and how many kittens do they have?

A

30-33 days

4-12 kittens

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4
Q

How often do rabbits nurse their young?

A

Once or maybe twice a day

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5
Q

How many teeth does a rabbit have?

A

28

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6
Q

List some things a good rabbit enclosure should consist of?

A 
Escape proof
Easy to clean
Area to sleep and hide
Not wire flooring
Well ventilated
Have furniture and toys
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7
Q

For a rabbit how long each day should they roam around outside for?

A

4 hours a day

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8
Q

What is rabbit calicivirus also known as?

A

Viral haemorrhagic disease

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9
Q

What is the treatment for rabbit calicivirus?

A

None, invariably fatal

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10
Q

How often should a rabbit be vaccinated against calicivirus?

A

Annually

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of infection for a rabbit with calicivirus?

A

Incubation period 3-4 days
Haemorrhagic nasal discharge
DIC
Sudden death

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12
Q

What are some post mortem findings of a rabbit that was infected with calicivirus?

A 
Food still in GIT
Liver is pale, enlarged and mottled
Necrotising hepatitis
Haemorrhages in lungs
DIC
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13
Q

What is important about the transmission of calicivirus?

A

It is a relatively stable virus

Therefore can be transmitted by vectors and fomites

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14
Q

What are the signs and cause of rabbit vaccine-associated dermatitis?

A

Intradermal injection with calicivirus (vehicle irritant)
Hair loss, ulceration and maybe a secondary infection
DDx for hair loss between shoulder blades

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15
Q

How can you try and avoid vaccine-associated dermatitis in rabbits?

A

Use a new needle once vaccine drawn up
Inject subcutaneously
Massage well afterwards

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of rabbit myxomatosis?

A 
Swelling of -
Ears
Eyelids
Mouth
Genital region 
Either peracute or chronic
Can get pox lesions
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17
Q

How do you treat myxomatosis in rabbits?

A

Nothing. Invariably fatal

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18
Q

Why should you desex a female rabbit?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma

80% by 6 years old

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19
Q

What are some clinical signs of a rabbit with uterine adenocarcinoma?

A 
May have no signs 
Mastitis/ cystic mammary glands
Pseudopregnancy
Bloody vaginal discharge
Depression
Anorexia
Endometrial changes
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20
Q

How much fibre, protein and fat should a rabbit have in its diet?

A

Fibre over 20%
Protein 15%
Low in fat - 2-3%

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of faeces rabbits pass?

A

Caecotrophs

Second pass faeces

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22
Q

What should a rabbit be fed?

A

Unlimited hay/grass
With variety of vegetables
Maybe small amount of quality pellets
Fruits for a treat

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23
Q

What are the 2 most common sites for blood collection in rabbits?

A

Marginal ear vein

Saphenous

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24
Q

What are some causes of abnormal caecotroph production?

A

Diet too high in carbohydrates
Diet too low in fibre
Other compounding factors
-stress, physical, teeth etc.

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25
What is the most common cause of GI stasis in rabbits?
Inappropriate diet
26
What does a radiograph of a rabbit with GI stasis look like?
Has a caecum with lots of gas | Stomach is normal
27
How do you manage a rabbit with GI stasis?
``` -Supportive care Fluids Pain relief GI stimulants Exercise Massage Diet ```
28
What does a radiograph of a rabbit with bloat and obstruction look like?
Stomach is distended, fluid filled and a gas cap
29
What are some clinical signs of a rabbit with bloat and obstruction?
Peracute onset Sick, depressed, shocky Painful abdomen that is tympanic
30
What are some clinical signs of a rabbit with ileus?
Subacute to chronic onset Alert and responsive Abdomen not guarded Doughy feel to caecum
31
What are 4 physiological causes of skin disease in rabbits?
Nesting in pregnant rabbits Pseudopregnancy Barbering Moulting
32
What is the main parasite of rabbits that cause skin disease?
Cheyletiella parasitovorax - Rabbit fur mite - Walking dandruff
33
How do you diagnose and treat a rabbit with Cheyletelliosis?
"Walking dandruff" Excess scurf, especially dorsally +/- pruritis Can survive off host so need to also treat enclosure Treat rabbit with Selamectin every 2-4 weeks or Ivermectin Imidacloprid is ineffective
34
What is the cause of ear mites in rabbits?
Psoroptes cuniculi
35
What are the clinical signs of a rabbit with ear mites? And how do you treat them?
``` Severe pain Pruritis Exudate Encrustations Treatment - Selamectin or Ivermectin Pain relief - Meloxicam ```
36
What can cause a head tilt in rabbits?
``` Encephalitozoon cuniculi - Protozoan - Predilection for eye, spinal cord, brain, kidneys Or Middle/Inner ear infections -Pus in ear canal -Tympanic bullae changes -Inflammatory leukogram ```
37
When do guinea pigs reach sexual maturity?
Males 3-4 months | Females 2-3 months
38
How long do guinea pigs live for?
5-6 years max 10
39
How long is the gestation length for guinea pigs and how big is a litter?
59-72 days -Pelvic symphysis separates before birth 1-13 , usually 2-4
40
For a guinea pig, how much fibre do they need and what else do you need to make sure they have?
Over 15% fibre | Vitamin C
41
What are the 2 main causes of pododermatitis in guinea pigs?
Wire flooring | hygiene
42
How do you treat guinea pig pododermatitis?
Flamizine ointment Chlorhexidine scrub Bandaging -difficult to treat if advanced
43
In guinea pigs what are the clinical signs of a vitamin C deficiency?
Poor appetite Swollen painful joints Dry, brittle skin and coat Maybe dental disease
44
What are the clinical signs of mange in guinea pigs?
``` Pruritis! Hair loss Excess scurf Ulcerated open wounds if severe Often between the shoulder blades Can cause seizures ```
45
What causes mange in guinea pigs?
Trixacarus caviae
46
How do you treat a guinea pig with mange?
Selamectin or Ivermectin Meloxicam Shampoo after it settles slightly Antibiotics if full thickness
47
What are some of the clinical signs of cystic ovaries in guinea pigs, and how do you treat it?
``` Bilateral alopecia Abdominal distension 90% incidence rate Treat- Spey Medication - HCG, GnRH ```
48
What is cheilitis?
Ulcerative scabs on lips or nasal planum
49
How do you treat cheilitis in guinea pigs?
Excision Shampoos Maybe steroids Can spontaneously resolve
50
Why do you need to be careful about using antibiotics in guinea pigs?
Enterotoxaemia | -Antibiotics cause a clostridial overgrowth
51
What are the 4 broad causes of diarrhoea in guinea pigs?
Husbandry Enterotoxaemia Gut stasis Bacterial
52
What is the lifespan of mice?
1.5 - 2.5 years
53
What is the lifespan of rats?
2.5 - 3.5 years
54
What is the gestation length for rats and mice?
20 days
55
When do rats and mice reach sexual maturity?
6-8 weeks
56
What is chromodacryorrhoea?
Red tears in rats
57
What causes chromodacryorrhoea?
Release of hormones from glands when the rat is stressed
58
How do you differentiate chromodacryorrhoea from bleeding?
Put sample on slide and look for RBC's
59
What is the number 1 DDx for skin masses in rats and mice?
Mammary tumours
60
Why should you desex female rats and mice?
Mammary tumours
61
What is zymbal's gland?
A gland in rats that sits near the base of ear and neck
62
How is mouse mammary tumour virus transmitted?
From parents to offspring -milk, germ cells, genome Causes mammary tumours
63
In mice what is the most common type of mammary tumour?
Adenocarcinomas - Malignant and hard to remove - Often spread and are invasive
64
In rats what is the most common type of mammary tumour?
Fibroadenoma - Benign - Vascular supply not extensive
65
What 2 things are correlated with a high incidence of spontaneous mammary tumours in rats?
Development of pituitary tumours | Persistent irregular oestrous cycles in old rats
66
What are the 5 most common pathogens that cause chronic respiratory disease in rats and mice?
``` Mycoplasma Strep. pneumoniae Corynebacteria kutscheri Sendai virus CAR bacillus ``` - and stress
67
What are the clinical signs of chronic respiratory disease in rats and mice?
``` Dyspnoea Sniffles, snuffles Nasal discharge Weight loss Unkempt coat Red tears Progress to severe pneumonia or bronchopneumonia ```
68
How do you treat rats and mice with chronic respiratory disease?
Won't cure - control it Long term antibiotics -Doxycycline, enrofloxacin
69
When do ferrets reach sexual maturity?
4-8 months
70
What is the average life span for a ferret?
6-8 years
71
What is the gestation length for a ferret?
42 days
72
What is important to remember about the oestrus cycle of ferrets and why?
They are induced ovulators | Will come into season and stay like that until mated
73
In the ferret what organ is in a different position to normal?
The heart is more caudal
74
How does distemper present in ferrets?
``` Moist dermatitis -chin, lips, inguinal region 7-9 days post infection -coughing, sneezing ocular and nasal discharge Pyrexia Foot lesions ```
75
How do you treat a ferret with distemper?
Nothing - fatal | Vaccinate yearly with the canine C3 vaccination
76
What do you feed ferrets?
They are true carnivores Either whole animals or premium dry kitten food And also things to chew -High digestible, high protein
77
In ferrets what organ is commonly enlarged?
Spleen - Splenomegaly | May or may not have clinical significance
78
Why should you spey ferrets?
They will stay in heat until mated Alopecia, bone marrow suppression, anaemia, death Treat by giving HCG to bring off heat and then spey
79
What is another name for sarcoptic mange in ferrets? How do you treat?
``` Footrot -Get dark brown encrustations of feet and nail bed - pain Treat- Bathe off encrustations Chlorhexidine Selamectin or ivermectin Meloxicam Antibiotics if indicated ```
80
If a ferret is present sneezing, with nasal discharge and coughing, what should you ask the owners?
If anyone in the household has the flu Influenza can be passed from humans to ferret Just do symptomatic treatment
81
What small mammal can get heartworm?
Ferrets Do an antigen test Prevent by giving- Selamectin, Ivermectin or Proheart
82
What small mammal is the 'Boxer' of the exotics?
Ferrets | Skin lumps - excise and histo
83
What 3 types of neoplasia are most common in ferrets?
Insulinomas Lymphomas Adrenal gland disease
84
What are some clinical signs of insulinoma in ferrets?
``` Middle aged to old Hypoglycaemia from excess insulin production Weakness, incoordination Hypersalivation 'Glazed look'' Collapse, coma ```
85
How do you diagnose and treat an insulinoma in a ferret?
``` Diagnose by having a serum blood glucose under 3.4-3.8 mmol/L Treat -Surgery -Diazoxide or prednisolone -Dietary control ```
86
What are some clinical features of a ferret with lymphoma?
Non-specific signs - Weight loss Lymph node enlargement
87
How do you diagnose and treat a ferret with lymphoma?
``` Diagnose- Lymph node biopsy WCC over 10,000 Treatment- Chemotherapy and radiotherapy? ```
88
What is the most common cardiac disease in ferrets?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
89
How do the clinical signs of cardiac disease differ from other species?
They don't cough as much, even though they get pulmonary oedema still
90
What type of teeth do rabbits have?
Hypsodont | -Open rooted and continuously grow
91
What teeth don't rabbits have?
Canines
92
What extra-oral structure is commonly affected in rabbits with dental disease?
The eyes | -Especially if unilateral
93
How is dental disease graded?
Into 5 stages 1 - Normal 2 - Root elongation, subtle swellings, some radiographic change 3 - Abnormal occlusion, teeth curving, spurs, teeth loosening 4 - Big distortion of most teeth, crowns may be broken 5 - Osteomyelitis, abscesses, crowns broken and roots resorbed
94
What are some secondary problems of dental disease?
``` Lack of grooming Staining around perineum Eye and nasolacrimal problems Excessive ptyalism Reluctance to eat high fibre foods Behavioural changes ```
95
What are 2 environmental factors for the development of dental disease in rabbits?
``` Incorrect diet -lack of abrasives -deficient in Ca, Vit D Inadequate exposure to UV light -Metabolic bone disease is a possible factor ```
96
What is the most important thing to do to prevent dental disease in rabbits?
Feeding of grass or hay in unlimited quantities
97
What is the aim for in rabbits with dental disease?
Controlling and slowing the progression of disease
98
In rabbit dental abscesses, along with removing the tooth and abscess, what other 3 things/techniques that are also often used?
Antibiotic impregnated polymethacrylate beads Marsupialisation of the wound Antibiotic impregnated gauze swabs
99
What 3 things are often given to a rabbit after a dental procedure to help with pain?
NSAID - Meloxican Opiate - Tramadol Local nerve block
100
What diet-specific thing do you need to look at in a guinea pig with dental disease?
If there is sufficient Vitamin C.
101
Ferrets have similar teeth to what other domestic animal?
Cats - strict carnivores
102
When are deciduous teeth shed in ferrets?
At 7-11 weeks of age
103
How many teeth do ferrets have?
34
104
What are the 3 most common dental disease problems in ferrets?
Fractured incisor tips Tartar Periodontal disease of the carnassials
105
What preventative measures are used for dental disease in ferrets?
Feeding chew toys and bones | Brushing teeth
106
What teeth don't rats and mice have?
Canines and Premolars
107
What dental disease problem is most common in rats and mice?
Incisor malocclusion
108
What 6 things can you do/use to prevent heat loss during surgery?
``` Minimal clipping and prep Bubble wrap Heat pads Warmed air Hair dryer Table lamp ```
109
What 5 things are important when anaesthetising a rat or mouse?
``` Minimal fasting Premed - ACP, Opiate Isoflurane masking Prevent heat loss Pain relief ```
110
What 3 vessels can you use in rats and mice?
Ventral coccygeal - tail Lateral tail vein Saphenous vein
111
What do you use for anaesthetising ferrets?
Premed ACP & Buprenorphine or butorphanol Methadone/morphine Mask with Isoflurane
112
What do you need to remember when anaesthetising ferrets?
If masking down, they will keep jaw tone for a period of time
113
What 4 veins can you use in ferrets?
Jugular Cephalic Anterior vena cava Ventral tail vein
114
Can you intubate guinea pigs?
Yes but it can be difficult
115
What is the anaesthetising process for rabbits?
``` Withhold food 2-3 hours Premed and sedate Pre-oxygenate Mask induce Intubate IV ketamine/Dom/But ```
116
What 4 veins can you use in rabbits?
Jugular Cephalic Saphenous Lateral ear vein

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