Birds Lecture Review Flashcards
1
Q
Gizzard
A
External molar analog, grinds food, birds eat stones and grit, unique to birds
2
Q
Air Sacs
A
9 - 4 pairs + 1, most efficient respiration on planet earth, 1 way flow, unique to birds
3
Q
Syrinx
A
Super-loud voice box, unique to birds
4
Q
Hallux
A
Fourth anterior toe for perching - unique to birds
5
Q
Toothless beak
A
Unique to class (turtles have them too)
6
Q
Furcula
A
Wishbone - acts as compressive spring, adds strength
7
Q
Keeled sternum
A
Large attachment site for flight muscles
8
Q
Bone fusion
A
Hands, vertebra, pelvis fused - reduces weight, adds rigidity
9
Q
Plumage
A
color and pattern of a bird produced by feathers
10
Q
Molt
A
full shed of feathers
11
Q
Preening
A
daily maintenance of feathers since they are dead at maturity
12
Q
Remiges
A
Wing feathers
13
Q
Rectrices
A
Tail feathers
14
Q
Flight feathers
A
Remiges + rectrices
15
Q
Calamus
A
hollow tip of feather where it attaches to bird
16
Q
Rachis
A
shaft of feather
17
Q
Barbs and barbules
A
interlocking fine segments that extend off the rachis
18
Q
Altricial
A
chicks need care
19
Q
precocial
A
chicks can leave nest relatively quickly
20
Q
Albumen and yolk
A
Egg white (water and protein) and yolk (fat, protein)
21
Q
FL bird diversity
A
20 orders, 50 families, 500 native species
22
Q
Palmate
A
3 toes webbed, ducks terns gulls
23
Q
Totipalmate
A
4 toes webbed, suliformes pelican
24
Q
Ansiodactyl
A
Hallux + three toes
25
Zygodactyl
X arrangement, osprey, woodpeckers, owls, cuckoo
26
Lobate feet
individually webbed toes, PB Grebe, coot
27
Syndactyl
2 + 3 fused, kingfisher
28
Gaviiformes
Common Loon
29
Podicipediformes
Pied-Billed Grebe
30
Procellariformes
Petrels and shearwater, tubular nares
31
Suliformes
Anhinga, DC Cormorant, northern gannet, magnificent frigatebird (all totipalmate except frigatebird)
32
Pelecaniformes
Pelicans, ibises, herons, egrets
33
Aigrette
Egret plume, cause for overhunting
34
Ciconiiformes
Wood stork
35
Accipitriformes
Eagles, osprey, kites
36
Cathartiformes
Vultures
37
Falconiformes
Kestrel, Crested Caracara
38
Phoenicopteriformes
American Flamingo
39
Anseriformes
Swans Geese Ducks, dabbling vs diving
40
Rallidae characteristics
Long legs and toes, short tail, omnivorous, solid long distance fliers
41
Rails colonized...
almost all islands, some evolved to be flightless
42
Other rails of note
King Rail, Sora
43
Rail meaning
french for "to rattle"
44
Obscure rail
NOT REAL
45
Black rail call
Kickee-doo
46
Black rail habitat choice
Shallow water, dense herbaceous cover. Plant type matters less than plant structure. Salt, brackish, freshwater
47
Black rail threats
Shrinking home range, sea level rise
48
Galliformes
Wild turkey, northern bobwhite; travel in coveys (small group)
49
Gruiformes
limpkin gallinules sandhill crane american coot rails
50
Charadriiformes
Laughing gull ring-billed gull royal tern black skimmer sanderling
51
Only gull that nests in FL
Laughing gull
52
Crop
pouch that stores food before digestion, used to feed young
53
Columbiformes
rock pigeon mourning dove eurasian collared dove
54
Cuculiformes
yellow-billed cuckoo
55
Strigiformes
barn owl barred owl eastern screech owl burrowing owl great horned owl
56
"Howdy Owl"
Burrowing
57
Rictal bristles
feathers at beak base, sensory function
58
Caprimulgiformes
chuck-will's-widow chimney swift ruby-throated hummingbird common nighthawk
59
Coraciiformes
Belted kingfisher
60
Piciformes
woodpeckers + northern flicker, known for caches, long tongues
61
Passeriformes
perching birds
62
Paridae
titmice and chickadees
63
Cardinalidae
cardinals, tanagers, AND buntings
64
Turdidae
Bluebirds, robins, thrushes
65
Icteridae
BT + common grackles, brown-headed cowbird, red-winged blackbird
66
Troglodytidae
Carolina wren
67
Parulidae
Warblers: palm, yellow-rumped, common yellowthroat,
68
Corvidae
Jays and crows (bonus: a murder of crows)
69
Mimidae
Mockingbird (FL state bird), brown thrasher, gray catbird
70
Tyrannidae
great crested flycatcher, eastern phoebe
71
Bombycillidae
cedar waxwing
72
Sturnidae
European starling
73
Fringillidae
House finch
74
Passeridae
House sparrow
75
Polioptilidae
blue-gray gnatcatcher
76
Laniidae
loggerhead shrike
77
Vireonidae
white-eyed vireo
78
Hirundinidae
barn swallow
79
Swallowtail kite migration
From south america in winter
80
Swallowtail kite nesting behavior
high in tall trees but not at the very top - gives time to build up speed for diving without making 2 egg nest open to great horned owl predators
81
Habitat of swallowtail kite
wetlands as well as commercial timber land
82
Pre-migration behavior of ST Kites
Communal roosting
83
Migration issues for ST kites
Max 4 days of constant flight before death, "dead man's curve," leaving Yucatan
84
Crested caracara
sharpest beak, first on a carcass, vultures follow. breeding pairs do not intrude on each other's space
85
number of endemic birds in FL
1 - FL Scrub Jay
86
Three other scrub jay species
island, california, woodhouse
87
Male vs female scrub jay
Females have rattling call
88
Scrub jay young
Altricial, juveniles have brown head and thinner neck but are the same size as adults
89
Scrub ecosystem
coastal + inland sandy ridges, xeric, nutrient poor soils, pyrogenic vegetation, open structure
90
Scrub jay breeding behaviors
Cooperative breeding, young individuals help established breeders (0-5) doing everything but mating and incubating
91
Efforts for conservation of FL scrub jay
Habitat protection and management, education, translocation (not substitute for habitat management but high survival rate)
92
House sparrow
introduced in 1851 for biological control of caterpillars
93
House finch
native to west, introduced in east - pet "hollywood finches" released in NYC in the 1940s
94
European starling
purposeful release of 100 in central park in 1890 (+mumurations)
95
Muscovy duck
purposeful release as ornamental (hiss, concerns over interbreeding)
96
Eurasian collared dove
Caged birds escaped in Caribbean, spread into US via FL in the 80s
97
Rock pigeon
intentional release by settlers (Shakespeare fans?)
98
Gray-headed swamphen
2 local aviculturists let 2 "pet" birds roam free in the 90s - eradication unsuccessful
99
Sacred Ibis
accidental release as result of hurricane andrew - eradicated in 2011...? sighting in 2015. EDRR
100
EDRR
Early detection, rapid response
101
Monk parakeet
Escapes/releases of pet birds, large stick nests for multiple breeding pairs, green and gray. most abundant of 10-20 parrot species breeding in FL
