birth to childhood

Question 1

labour

Answer 1

-fetus expelled from uterus through vagina
-skin has ‘soft spots’ to allow compression during birth
-control of contractions by positive feedback

Question 2

false labour

Answer 2

-irregular contractions
-discharge of blood with mucus

Question 3

true labour

Answer 3

-uterine contractions occur at regular intervals
-occurs in three stages

Question 4

the three stages of true labour

Answer 4

-stage of dilation
-stage of expulsion
-placental stage

Question 5

newborns at birth

Answer 5

-highly dependent on mother and greatest risk of death
-birth contractions construct umbilical vessels increasing carbon dioxide in the blood, stimulating respiratory centre in the brain to trigger first breath
-lungs immediately inflate causing major circulatory reconfiguration
-body systems are not fully developed yet

Question 6

adjustments at birth

Answer 6

-thermoregulatory
-non-shivering thermogenesis

Question 7

thermoregulatory change

Answer 7

-exposed to a cooler environment
-muscles, nervous system, subcutaneous (under skin) fat are underdeveloped

Question 8

non-shivering thermogenesis

Answer 8

-highly vascularised, fast oxygen delivery
-special mitochondria produce more heat

Question 9

APGAR score for newborn

Answer 9

-appearence (skin colour)
-pulse (heart rate)
-grimace (reflexes)
-activity (muscle tone)
-respiration

Question 10

nervous system development

Answer 10

-most development during infancy (5 weeks to 1 year)
-eyesight lacks colour and depth perception, but keeps developing until ages 8 or 9
-can hear sound, acute sense of taste and smell
-reflexes used to evaluate developing nervous system

Question 11

types of reflexes

Answer 11

-asymmetric tonic neck reflexes (ATNR)
-step reflex
-grasp reflex
-symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR)
-moro/ startle reflex
-babinski’s reflex
-rooting reflex
-sucking reflex

Question 12

asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

Answer 12

-from birth to 6 months
-importance for balance and movement

Question 13

step reflex

Answer 13

-first two months
-not related to walking, which occurs much later

Question 14

grasp reflex

Answer 14

-from 1 to 6 months
-in response to being touched on the hand

Question 15

symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR)

Answer 15

-from two months
-crawl to mother’s breast when placed on abdomen
-not related to crawling which occurs later

Question 16

moro/ startle reflex

Answer 16

-from 1 to 6 months
-abrupt response to loss of balance

Question 17

babinski’s reflex

Answer 17

-first two years
-toes fan out when foot is stroked
-if present after two years, indication of damage to nerves connected to spinal cord and brain

Question 18

rooting reflex

Answer 18

-first 3-4 months
-turns head and open mouth to respond to being stroked
-like searching for mother’s breast
-retention might mean oral motor control issues

Question 19

sucking reflex

Answer 19

-helps infants hold onto the nipple and swallow milk

Question 20

development of the nervous system

Answer 20

-formed in the first month of embryonic development
-infections and exposures can have harmful effects on pregnancy
-oxygen deprivation destroys cells
-the last part of the brain to develop is the hypothalamus

Question 21

premature babies have problems with…

Answer 21

-regulating body temperature because the hypothalamus is not mature prenatally

Question 22

development of hearing

Answer 22

-the newborn can hear sounds but initial responses are reflexive
-by toddler stage, the child is listening critically and beginning to imitate sounds as language begins to develop

Question 23

age-related ear problems

Answer 23

-prebycusis
-otosclerosis

Question 24

prebycusis

Answer 24

type of sensorineural deafness that may result from otosclerosis

Question 25

otosclerosis

Answer 25

-ear ossicles fuse

Question 26

development of sight

Answer 26

-special sense organs formed in early embryonic development -maternal infections during the 5 or 6 weeks of pregnancy can cause visual abnormalities in the developing child -the infant has poor vision acuity (far sighted) and lacks colour vision and depth perception at birth -the eye continues to grow until it is mature at the ages of 8 or 9

Question 27

cardiovascular development

Answer 27

-the heart doubles in size in the first year -at birth the right ventricle is stronger than the left, this reverses during infancy -systolic blood pressure increases to meet needs of the growing body

Question 28

respiratory development

Answer 28

-rapid breathing from abdomen which gradually shifts to using ribs and chest -lungs do not fully inflate until 2 weeks after birth -newborn respiration rate-40 to 80 breaths per minute -number of alveoli increases -small trachea and close proximity to bronchi increases risk of lung infections

Question 29

developmental aspects of blood

Answer 29

-the feotal liver and spleen are early sites of blood cell formation -bone marrow takes over haematopiesis by the seventh month -incompatibility between maternal and feotal blood by the seventh month

Question 30

feotal haemoglobin

Answer 30

higher binding affinity to oxygen than haemoglobin produced after birth

Question 31

how does physiologic jaundice occur

Answer 31

infants when the liver can not get rid of the body of haemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

Question 32

gastrointestinal development

Answer 32

meconium- first stool 24-48 hours after birth containing amniotic fluid, intestinal secretions, cells and blood -bowel control achieved in second year -teething begins at around 6 months- 20 deciduous teeth by age 2, permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth between the ages 6 and 12

Question 33

development of the lymphatic system and body defences

Answer 33

-lymphatic vessels form by budding off the veins -the thymus and the spleen are the first lymphoid organs to appear in the embryo -the immune response develops around time of birth

Question 34

urinary development

Answer 34

-the kidneys begin to develop in the first few weeks of embryonic life and are excreting urine by the third month of foetal life -kidneys inefficient up to 6 months, produce dilute urine urine- important to obtain sufficient fluids from breast milk and shouldn't consume water or diluted formula due to risk hypokalemia -voluntary bladder control starts at 18 months

Question 35

development of the skull

Answer 35

-fontanels are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones, known as 'soft spots' -allows for skull compression at birth -allow the brain to grow during later pregnancy and infancy -usually ossify by 2 years of age -growth of the cranium after birth is related to brain growth

Question 35

development of the skeleton

Answer 35

-first 'long bones' of a foetus are hyaline cartilage -earliest 'flat bones' are feotal skull are fibrous membranes -as feotal grows, all bones models are converted to bone -at birth, the head and trunk are proportionately much longer than the lower limbs -during puberty, female pelvis broadens, and entire male skeleton becomes more robust

Question 36

development of the skin and body membranes

Answer 36

-lanugo, a downy hair, covers the body the fifth or sixth month of feotal development but disappears by birth -vernix caseosa, an oily covering, is apparent at birth -milia, small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week

Question 37

development of the reproductive system

Answer 37

-gender is determined at fertilisation -reproductive system structures of males and females are identical during early development -gonads form on the eighth week