BITS THAT FALL OUT OF YOUR HEAD

Question 1

How to prepare an Insoluble Salt? (In this Case Lead Sulfate)?

Answer 1

• Add 1 Spatula of Lead Nitrate to a test tube.
• Add Water to dissolve it (Deionised water to make sure there are no other ions about)
• Shake it Thoroughly to ensure all the Lead Nitrate has dissolved
• Do the same with 1 spatula of Magnesium Sulfate in another Test tube
• Tip the two solutions into a small beaker, and give it a good stir to make sure it’s all mixed together. The Lead Sulfate should precipitate
• Put a folded piece of filter paper into a filter funnel and stick the funnel into a conical flask
• Pour the contents of the beaker into the middle of the filter

Make sure the solution doesn’t go above the filter paper-otherwise some of the solid could dribble down
the side

• Swill out the Beaker with more deionised water, and tip this into the filter paper- to make sure you get all the precipitate from the beaker
• Rinse the contents of the filter paper with deionised water to make sure that all the soluble magnesium nitrate has been washed away
• Then just scrape the Lead onto fresh filter paper and leave it to dry in an oven

Question 2

What are the two ways to make a soluble salt?

Answer 2

React an acid with an excess of a solid metal, metal oxide, hydroxide or carbonate

Titration method

Question 3

How would you tell when to use which method of making soluble salts?

Answer 3

If it is Na, K or Ammonium Salt

Then use Titration Method

Question 4

How to make Copper (II) Sulfate Crystals?

Answer 4

-Heat acid in a water bath -speeds up the reaction between the acid and the insoluble base.

Do this in a fume cupboard to avoid releasing acid fumes into the room

-Then add the base to the acid - the base and acid will
react to produce a soluble salt (and water).

You will know when the base is in excess and all the acid has been neutralised because the excess solid will just sink to the bottom of the flask

Filter off the excess solid to get a solution containing only salt and water

Heat the solution gently, using a Bunsen Burner, to slowly evaporate off some of the water.

Leave the solution to cool and allow the salt to crystallise.

Filter off the solid salt and leave it to dry

Question 5

Which Chlorides are insoluble or soluble?

Answer 5

Lead and Silver are Insoluble

Question 6

Which Sulfates are Insoluble or Soluble?

Answer 6

Barium and Lead (Insoluble)

Silver and Calcium (Insoluble)

Question 7

Which Carbonates are Insoluble or soluble ?

Answer 7

Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium ones (Insoluble)

Question 8

Which Hydroxides are insoluble or soluble?

Answer 8

Sodium, Potassium and Calcium ones (Soluble)

Question 9

Which Nitrates are Insoluble?

Answer 9

NONE

Question 10

What does it mean by Saturated?

Answer 10

an organic molecule in which all the covalent bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

Question 11

What is an Alloy?

Answer 11

Mixture of a metal with, usually , other metals or carbon

Question 12

If you start with Potassium Bromide (KBr (aq) colourless) and add Cl2 water what will you observe

Answer 12

Orange Solution (Br2)

Question 13

If you start with KI (aq) and add Cl2 water, what will you observe?

Answer 13

Brown

Question 14

If you start with KI and add Br2 water, what will you observe?

Answer 14

Brown

Question 15

Acid + Metal + Carbonate

Answer 15

Salt + Water + Hydrogen

Question 16

How do you test for carbonates?

Answer 16

.You need to react Hcl or any acid to the Carbonate
.Then you can test for Co2 (If limewater turns cloudy in the presence of Co2)
As 2Hcl + Co3 –> Co2 + H2O

Question 17

How do you test for Sulfates?

Answer 17

We test for sulfates using Hydrochloric Acid and Barium Chloride (Barium Chloride is more important).
We should then get Barium Sulfate which forms a white precipitate which tells that sulfate is present.
XSo4 (2-) + BaCl2 –> BaSO4

Question 18

How do you test for Halide Anions?

Answer 18

You must add (Nitric acid and Silver Nitrate to the Halide anion). The Silver Nitrate (AgNo3) then disperses which allows Silver to react with the Halide anion. If this performs a precipitate colour according to the certain halide anion, it is an anion.

Question 19

What colour should Agcl turn in a Halide anion test?

Answer 19

White Precipitate

Question 20

What colour should AgBr turn in a Halide anion test?

Answer 20

Creamy Precipitate

Question 21

What colour should AgI turn in a Halide anion test?

Answer 21

Yellow Precipitate

Question 22

What colours should form when Sodium Hydroxide reacts with Metal ions?

Answer 22

CuOH –> Blue Precipitate
Fe 2+ (OH)-2 –> Sludgy green precipitate
Fe 3+ (OH)-3 –> Red/Brown

Question 23

How to test for Ammonium Ions?

Answer 23

Ammonia - NH3, meaning that N needs 3 electrons to become N3-. When Ammonium combines with another H it becomes an Ammonium Ion (NH4+). To detect for ammonium compounds, you nust react it with NaOH, This produces Ammonia (gas) meaning that it is an alkali. The we can test for Alkalis using Litmus paper which should be blue.

Question 24

What Observations can you make Sodium reacts on water?

Answer 24

Floats because it is less dense than water

Sodium melts into a ball because its melting point is low and a lot of heat is produced by the reaction

There is Fizzing because Hydrogen Gas is produced

Moves around

Smaller

UI turns blue

Question 25

What happens when Lithium reacts with Water?

Answer 25

Fizzing Moves around Smaller UI turns blue Floats Slower than Sodium

Question 26

What happens when Potassium Reacts with Water?

Answer 26

Enough heat is produced to ignite the Hyrdogen, whcih burns with a lilac flame. Spitting and exploding Moves Smaller

Question 27

What are the colours of Group 7 Halogens at room temperature?

Answer 27

F2 - Yellow Gas Cl2 - Green Gas Br2 - Red-Brown Liquid (Orange Brown Vapour) I2 - Grey Solid (Purple Vapour)

Question 28

What is Polymerisation?

Answer 28

The joining up of lots of little molecules (monomers) to make one big molecule (polymer).

Question 29

What is Addition Polymerisation?

Answer 29

When Molecules simply add onto each other without anything else being formed

Question 30

What is the use Poly(ethene)?

Answer 30

Low Density - Thin film to make Polythene Bags (Flexible and not very strong) High Density- Plastic Bottles and Milk bottles

Question 31

Uses of Poly(Propene)?

Answer 31

Makes Ropes and Crates

Question 32

Uses of Poly(Chloroethene)?

Answer 32

(PVC) Used for water pipes or replacement windows Can be made flexible by adding plasticisers Useful for sheet floor coverings, and even clothing. Can be used for electrical insulation as they don't conduct electricity

Question 33

Uses of Polytetrafluoroethene?

Answer 33

Often used as a non-stick coating for pots and pans because it is very unreactive due to the strong carbon-fluorine bonds, and can be found lining containers for corrosive chemicals.

Question 34

Advantages of Using Landfills to remove plastics?

Answer 34

No greenhouse gases or toxic gases produced from plastics Cheap

Question 35

Disadvantages of using Landfills to remove plastics?

Answer 35

Ugly, Smelly and noisy; no one wants to live next to a landfill site Uses large areas of land Will be there for thousands of years

Question 36

Advantages of using Incineration as a method of removing Addition Polymers

Answer 36

Requires little space Can produce for local homes and/or produce electricity

Question 37

Disadvantages of using Incineration as a method of removing Addition Polymers?

Answer 37

Expensive to build and maintain Produces greenhouse gases Releases Toxic Gases The ash produced must still be disposed of in landfill sites

Question 38

Two methods of Producing Ethanol?

Answer 38

Fermentation Hydration of Ethene

Question 39

What conditions are required for the Hydration of Ethene?

Answer 39

Starting Matierals: Ethene and Steam Temperature: 300 C' Pressure: 60-70 atmospheres Catalysts: Phosphoric Acid

Question 40

What conditions are required for the Hydration of Ethene?

Answer 40

Starting Matierals: Ethene and Steam Temperature: 300 C' Pressure: 60-70 atmospheres Catalysts: Phosphoric Acid Efficient and Quick Reaction Process. Produces much purer Ethanol but uses high temp and pressures which require a high input of energy

Question 41

What conditions are required for Fermentation?

Answer 41

Starting Matierals: Glucose Temp: 30 C' Catalyst: Enzymes in yeast Other Conditions: Anaerobic Slow, inefficent and produces very impure ethanol which needs further processing

Question 42

Are the Common Salts of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium Soluble or Insoluble?

Answer 42

Soluble

Question 43

Why does Ammonia travel faster than HCl?

Answer 43

Lower Molar mass

Question 44

Two observations when Magnesium reacts with O2?

Answer 44

White Solid bright / white / blinding AND flame / light

Question 45

Is magnesium oxide a basic oxide or an acidic oxide?

Answer 45

Basic oxide formed from a non-metal

Question 46

Definition of Bioddegrade?

Answer 46

(polymer) breaks down / decomposes / decays M2 by bacteria / microbes / microorganisms / decomposers /enzymes

Question 47

In a Typical Fractionating column? How does the colour, boiling point and visocity differ in the fractionating column?

Answer 47

The bottom of the fraction has the larger crude oil chainlengths Larger fractions of crude oil .have higher boiling points .are darker (in colour) .have higher viscosities / are more viscous

Question 48

What are the Fractions of Hydrocarbons from small to big? and Uses?

Answer 48

``` Refinery Gases - Bottled Gas Gasoline - Cars Kerosene - Jet Fuel Diesel - Lorries Fuel Oil- Ships Bitumen - Roads ```

Question 49

Fuel + Oxygen

Answer 49

Fuel + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 50

Is a positive Delta H endothermic or exothermic?

Answer 50

Endothermic

Question 51

What happens when Alcohols are Oxidised?

Answer 51

Turn into Carboxylic acids Conditions: Potassium (VII) Dichromate in Sulfuric Acid is the Oxidising agent needed for this reaction. Heat the ethanol with potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid --> Ethanoic acid

Question 52

What do Some Microorganisms use as an energy resource for the oxidation of alcohol?

Answer 52

Can use microbes as an energy resource Carry out aerobic respiration Use O2 from open air to oxidise to the alcohol