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Body Logistics > BL 9 > Flashcards

BL 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats the name of the tongue?

A

Lingula

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2
Q

What are the two functions of salava?

A

To wet the food

Break down the food

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3
Q

What are the four layers of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
External muscle layers
SEROSA

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4
Q

Whats the name of the first layer that lining of the gut?

A

Mucosa

  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularise mucosae
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5
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularise mucosae
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6
Q

Name a function of the sub mucosa?

A

Secretion from glands

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7
Q

Name a structure of the sub mucosa?

A 
a layer of connective tissue bearing:
glands,
arteries, 
veins
nerves
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8
Q

The muscular layer of the gut wall can be broken down into two types of muscle?

A

Inner - circular muscle

Outer - Longitudinal muscle

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9
Q

What are the enzymes in salava?

A

Amylase (carbs) and Lipase (fats)

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10
Q

Does the upper oesophagus have voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Voluntary

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11
Q

Does the lower oesophagus have voluntary or involuntary control?

A

involuntary

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12
Q

What are the two nerve plexi in the oesophagus?

A

Myenteric plexus

Submucosal plexus

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13
Q

What type of epithelium is osophagus?

A

Stratified squamous (non-keratinised)

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14
Q

What are Parietal cells?

A

Parietal cells secrete H+
ions into the lumen and HCO3 ions into nearby capillaries, which move it
to surface mucous cells.

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15
Q

What are Enteroendocrine cells?

A

include G cells which secrete gastrin. The wider gastric mucosa responds to this hormone by secreting acid.

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16
Q

What are Chief cells?

A

secrete pepsinogens

which are converted into pepsins which partly hydrolyse proteins. Found at the base of the pit

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17
Q

What three things are secreted into the dodenum

A

Chyme from stomach
Bile from Gall bladder (store)
Pancreatic Juices

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18
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Made in the liver

Stored in the gall bladder

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19
Q

Function of duodenum?

Think of what is secreted by where and its effect (4)

A

1) Water drawn in(chyme becomes isotonic)
2) Secretion of Bile (neutralisation and emulification)
3) Pancreatic juices (neutralise and digestive enzymes)
4) Absorption of Iron

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20
Q

The enzymes from the pancreas have 4 functions…

A

Cleave peptides to amino acids
Cleave polysaccharides to monosaccharides
Break down and re-form lipids
Break down nucleic acids

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21
Q

How long is the small intestine (fun fact lol)

A 
22 ft (7meters) 
tennis court surface area
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22
Q

Where do sugars get absorbed?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mostly in Jejunum

23
Q

Where do amino acids get absorbed?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mostly in Jejunum

24
Q

Where do fatty acids get absorbed?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mostly in Jejunum

25
Where does Vit B12 get absorbed?
Ileum
26
Where does bile acids get absorbed?
Ileum
27
What type of epithelium is found in the crypts of the large intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium
28
How long does water recovery take in the large bowel?
20 hours
29
Name one process that uses the gut bacteria to function
synthesis of vitamins K, B12, thiamine and riboflavine • breakdown of 10 to 20 bile acids • conversion of bilirubin to non-pigmented metabolites - (all readily absorbed)
30
What are the types of neural control in the gut.
Somatic (mouth and first ⅓ of oesophagus, last sphincter of anus) Post ganglionic neurones form plexuses - one between muscle layers of gut wall - one between submucosa and muscularis externa
31
What does secretin do?
promotes (bicarbonate) secretion from duct cells | of pancreas
32
What does Cholecystokinin (CCK) do?
synthesised and secreted by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum 1. promotes release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas 2. promotes release of bile from gall bladder (stimulates it to contract) 3. is a hunger supressant
33
Three main blood vessel of the liver. Name and explain.
Portal Vein - Nutrient rich vein going to the liver Proper Hepatic Artery - O2 rich artery going to liver Hepatic Vein - Leaving liver
34
What does catabolic mean?
breaking down reactions
35
What does anabolic mean?
Building reactions
36
What are the two capillary systems in series, in a human body?
1) Hepatic-Portal System | 2) Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
37
Hepatic-Portal System. If you imaginw it. How many capillary beds are there? Where are these? What is the name of the vein between them?
2 Capillary Beds Stomach and Intestine Liver Hepatic Portal Vein
38
Function of the liver. 5
``` Metabolism (anabolic and Catabolic) Storage - Carbs and Fats Production of Bile Detoxification Protein Metabolism ```
39
Why is ammonia dangerous?
It can cross the blood-brain barrier. | The liver can convert this to urea
40
What doesnt travel in the portal vein?
Lipids | Fat soluble Vits ADEK
41
What does the Liver store?
``` Iron Vit A B12 D K Glycogen ```
42
Anabolism in the liver examples.. 2/4
Albumin Glycogen Numerous coagulation factors Haematopoiesis in fetus
43
Catabolism/breakdown/toxin degredation in the liver examples..? 3/5
``` Drugs (cytochrome P450) Hormones Haemoglobin Poisons (cytochrome P450) Can take over removal of aged red cells after splenectomy ```
44
Whats the livers exocrine function
Bile excretion
45
Name something the liver produces. 1
Angiotensinogen Thrombopoetin Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
46
What is the livers endocrine function?
``` • It produces Angiotensinogen Thrombopoetin IGF-1 • It modifies to active forms Vitamin D Thyroxine • It breaks down Insulin Glucagon Oestrogen and progesterone ```
47
Whats characteristics of liver cells (histologically)
Lots of Mitochondria Lots of Peroxisomes Lots of RER Lots of RIbosomes
48
Blood to the liver?
``` Portal Vein (75%) Proper Hepatic Artery (25%) ```
49
Whats a sinusoid?
Irregular tubular space for the passage of blood, taking the place of capillaries and venules in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
50
How many sides does a Liver lobule have? Which direction does the blood flow?
6 Towards the centre
51
Kupffer cells
Kupffer cells are monocyte derived specialist macrophages that form part of the lining of the sinusoids
52
Stellate Cells
Stellate cells are full of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing Vitamin A. A source of vitamin A
53
What are the roles of bile?
Neutralisation | Emulsification

Body Logistics (12 decks)

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