BL11

Question 1

Name the different types of CT sheaths the cover the neruons? Like muscle

Answer 1

Endoneurium = covers indidual nerves
Perineurium - covers bundles of nerves
Epineurium covers a number of nerve bundles

Question 2

Whats an astrocyte?

Functions 3

Answer 2

Star-shaped GLIAL cell

1. SCAFFOLD Structural support (particular in repair) 2. REPAIR and scar neurons
2. HOMEOSTASIS of interstitial fluid

Question 3

Where are schwann cell found?

Answer 3

PNS

Question 4

Where are oligodendrocytes found?

Answer 4

CNS

Question 5

Function of Schwann and Oligodendrocytes?

Answer 5

Myelination of axons

Question 6

Whats an Microglia?

Functions 3

Answer 6

Resident MACROPHAGES

Question 7

On a radiograph - what structures appear black?

Answer 7

Air

Question 8

Which ANS branch dilates pupils?

Answer 8

SNS

Question 9

Which ANS branch constricts bronchi?

Answer 9

PNS

Question 10

Which ANS branch promotes erections?

Answer 10

PNS

Question 11

Which ANS branch promotes glucose release?

Answer 11

SNS

Question 12

Which ANS branch inhibits saliva productions?

Answer 12

SNS

Question 13

Which vessels are not innervated by SNS?

Answer 13

capillaries and precapillary sphincters (local

control)

Question 14

Which organs are prioritised in fight or slight?

Answer 14

Brain, heart, skel muscle

Question 15

What happens to blood vessels in skin in fight or flight?

Answer 15

Blood vessels to skin
vasoconstrict to minimize
bleeding if injury occurs
during stress or exercise

Question 16

Name three neurocrine examples

Answer 16

Adrenal gland

Hypothalamus

Question 17

Name all the major endocrine glands/organs.

Others include stomach, liver, heart

Answer 17

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal glands
Testes/Ovaries
Placenta in babies

Question 18

Where is the thymus located?

Answer 18

superior mediastinum (top of heart and between lungs)

Question 19

What is the function of the thymus?

Answer 19

Matures T cells

Thymosin (hormone that promotes t cell maturation)

Question 20

Name 4 different (chemical) types of hormones?

Answer 20

Peptide Hormone
Steroid Hormone
Catecholamines
Thyroid Hormone

Question 21

Examples of Peptide Hormone? 2

Answer 21

Insulin, Glucagon, Prolactin, ACTH, PTH, Gastrin

Question 22

Examples of Steroid Hormone? 2

Answer 22

Oestrogen, 
androgens
aldosterone, 
progesterone
cortisol

Question 23

Examples of Catecholamines? 2

Answer 23

Adrenaline,

noradrenaline

Question 24

Examples of Thyroid Hormone? 1

Answer 24

Thyroxine,

triiodothryonine

Question 25

Function of hypothalamus?

Answer 25

Food (Feeding, satiety, GIT regulation) Fun Fever (Thermoregulation, panting, sweating, shivering) Fornication (Emotion, sexual behaviour)

Question 26

Explain the Hypothalmic Pituitary throid axis? Explain the feedback loops

Answer 26

``` HYPOTHALAMUS Thyroid release hormone (TRH) ANTERIOR PITUITARY Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) THYROID T4 (thyroxine) and T3 ``` - T3&T4 have a short term negative feedback loop to ANT PITUITORY - Long negative feedback loop to HYPOTHAL

Question 27

HPA axis?

Answer 27

``` HYPOTHALAMUS CRH (corticotropin release hormone) ANT PITUITARY ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids (CORTISOL) ``` Cortisol has a neg feedback on ANT P and HYPO

Question 28

Which part of the adrenal gland is the medulla?

Answer 28

Centre

Question 29

What type of cells live in the adrenal medulla? What do they release? Input?

Answer 29

``` Chromaffin Cells (modified neurons) Receive SNS input and release A and NA ```

Question 30

Where (What organ/tissue) does the Adrenal medulla activation come from?

Answer 30

Hypothalamus

Question 31

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 31

oxytocin and | ADH (antidiuretic hormone [vasopressin])

Question 32

What does the pineal gland produce?

Answer 32

It produces melatonin Melatonin is involved in control of circadian rhythmn Melatonin inhibits release of gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) calcifies in early adulthood and is therefore visible on skull x-rays