black power Flashcards
equal opportunity employment act
= 1972
- helped increase AA employment
supreme court ruling: griggs v. duke
1971 = prevented need for qualifications to get a job
supreme court ruling: brown v. topeka board of education
= 1954
- ruled segregation was illegal
- most significant federal intervention in civil rights since congressional reconstruction
supreme court ruling: boynton v. virginia
= 1960
- confirmed segregation on interstate bus transportation was unconstitutional
supreme court ruling: swann v. charlotte mecklenberg board of education
= 1971
- enforced desegregation by busing children from white suburbs into inner-city areas with more AA children
civil rights act
1964
examples of advanced communications & increased media which allowed segregation/violence to be publicised (worldwide publicity)
- pictures of southern mobs abusing black schoolgirl at little rock (1957)
- MLK speech ‘i have a dream’ (1963)
- eugene ‘bull’ conner (march on washington 1963) used water hoses, beatings & arrest = gained support/acceleration for civil rights movement
- MLK arrested 29 times (eg. ‘letter from birmingham jail’)
fair housing act
1968
how was the slow desegregation of higher education supported
SC ruling green v. connally = stopped federal funds to segregated institutes
example of segregation in education remaining
90% black graduates attending all-black universities
how many AA students were graduating by 1990
more than 72%
voting rights act
1965
how many AA were registered to vote by 1968
more than 70%
example of increasingly effective campaign by civil rights organisations
march on washington (1963) attended by 250,000 people (led to ‘i have a dream’ speech by MLK)
24th ammendment
= 1964
- ended ability to deny vote to AA who were unable to pay poll tax
supreme court overturned mississippi law
discriminated against AA voter registration (united states v. mississippi 1964)
examples of increase in AA civil rights groups/organisations
- southern church leadership conference (1957) = MLK saw power of mass demonstrations (like garvey/randolph) & aware of importance of media
- NAACP youth council organised sit-ins in greensboro, north carolina (1960)
- council of federates organizations (feb 1962) = strategy to increase voter registration in deep south (included CORE, NAACP, SCLC & SNCC)
forerunners to black power
- universal negro improvement association (UNIA) founded 1914 = separatism & black nationalism
- nation of islam = separatism & believed AAs were chosen people of allah
describe universal negro improvement association (UNIA)
- founded 1914
- separatism & black nationalism
- forerunner to black power
- short-lived (garvey left US 1929) but spectacular
- newspaper had wide circulation
- parades in new york (1920) were among largest ever seen & membership may have reached 1 million
- however, goals difficult to define/achieve in long-term
describe black power movement
- malcolm X = preached voilent revolution through NOI & had considerable influence on black power movement by promoting sense of pride/identity among AAs which didn’t rely on integration/accepting white values (however, softened approach from 1964)
- black panther movement heavily influenced by NOI (but didn’t attract huge membership)
- addressed problems of white supremacy
- radicalisation vital for energising AA & actually achieving aims
increase in number of AA holding public office in 1964 compared to 1992
100 = 1964
8000 = 1992
how many AA federal judges did carter appoint (but limitation)
37 AA but ineffective in achieving legislative success
what was there a considerable gap between
black/white people in terms of income, housing & opportunities in 1960
how many AA families lived off aid at end of period (1992)
11.3%
