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(history) african americans & civil rights 1865-1992 > depth study: gilded age > Flashcards

depth study: gilded age Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 promises to AA were unfulfilled - late 19th century

A

promise of emancipation/reconstruction

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2
Q

4 main points in reconstruction

A
  • freedman’s bureau = support economic condition of former slaves
  • sharecropping - state of debt peonage
  • president andrew johnson = wanted to undermine AA progess - his negligence led southern states to employ black codes
  • black codes = maintain white dominance in south/ensure cheap labour - many prevented AA from voting eg. poll tax
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3
Q

what did southern blacks suffer from - late 19th century

A
  • horrific violence
  • political disenfranchisement
  • economic discrimination
  • legal segregation
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4
Q

what were the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments

A

1965 - 13th amendment = abolished slavery in US
1968 - 14th amendment = protected black citizenship
1975 (?) - 15th amendment = gave AA men the right to vote

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5
Q

what were poor southern black farmers generally forced into

A

sharecropping - borrowed money to plant years crop and used future crop as collateral on the loan
–> led to state of debt peonage (slavery)

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6
Q

how many AA lived in the rural south

A

90%

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7
Q

what did AA men/women who had moved to southern/northern cities do for work

A
  • women worked as domestic servants
  • men worked in urban factories
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8
Q

what were these jobs like

A

menial and low paying - often dangerous for men in factories too

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9
Q

what did they also face a great deal of racism from and what was the impact of this

A

labour unions
- limited ability to secure high-paying, skilled jobs

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10
Q

which labour unions were open to AA

A
  • knights of labour
  • united mine workers
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11
Q

which labour union was not open to blacks and why was this a problem

A
  • american federation of labour
  • it was the largest skilled worker union
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12
Q

examples of violence AA suffered

A
  • brutal lynching’s or executions by angry white mobs
  • hangings
  • burnings
  • shootings
  • mutilations
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13
Q

statistic for lynching

A

1882 = 52 recorded lynching’s
1892 = 241 recorded lynching’s

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14
Q

what broke out in southern/northern cities due to this voilence

A

race riots which resulted in dozens of death & property damage

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15
Q

what did the supreme court do to overrule the 13,14 & 15 amendments

A
  • made succession of rulings
    eg. slaughterhouse case gave states more control and reversed the impact of the 14th amendment
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16
Q

describe williams v. mississippi (1898)

A
  • supreme court ruled discriminatory voter laws were constitutional
  • meant southern states could continue to disenfranchise AA
17
Q

methods to disenfranchise AA

A
  • poll tax = charge tax to vote which few sharecroppers/poor AA could afford
  • literacy test = few former slaves could pass & many white clerks had already agreed to fail them
  • grandfather clauses = anyone whose father/grandfather had right to vote previous to civil war could vote
18
Q

one of the most visible signs of racism during this period

A

rise of informal/legal segregation

19
Q

what did southern states pass

A

jim crow laws

20
Q

what did the jim crow laws deny AA equal access to

A
  • hotels
  • restaurants
  • parks
  • swimming pools
  • southern schools/public transport had inferior facilities for AA
  • housing devices etc. kept blacks in other neighbourhoods
21
Q

what did AA in the north also suffer from due to philosophy of jim crow laws

A

informal residential segregation & economic discrimination in jobs

22
Q

plessy v. ferguson (1896)

A
  • homer plessy challenged Louisiana’s jim crow law requiring separate railroad passenger cars
23
Q

what did justice brown decide in the case and what did it allow^^

A
  • stated segregation did not violate the constitution as long as facilities provided were equal
  • allowed states to create separate facilities in schools, trains, buses, restaurants, parks & drinking taps
24
Q

what began in the early 20th century

A

progressive era

25
Q

who were progressives

A

group of reformers who believed that the industrialised, urbanised USA in the 19th century had outgrown its 18th century constitution

26
Q

what did the progressives embrace

A
  • idea of social Darwinism (some races are superior -whites) & eugenics
    –> most advanced science/social science taught in universities/ scientific circles
27
Q

what did social darwinism portray as seen by progressives

A

scientific basis for segregation

28
Q

exceptions of progressives & what did they found

A
  • jane adams
  • black progressives: W.E.B dubois
  • founded NAACP (national association for the advancement of coloured people
29
Q

examples of progressive presidents

A
  • woodrow wilson
  • theodore roosevelt
30
Q

what did theodore roosevelt do to support AA (even though he supported segragationist order)

A
  • invited AA leader booker t. washington into the white house & condemned lynching
    -discharged 170 black soldier due to race riot in brownsville, texas (1906)
31
Q

negative things woodrow wilson did regarding AA

A
  • administration fired many black federal employees
  • segregated federal departments
32
Q

who was ida b. wells regarding civil rights activism

A
  • worked for civil rights as teacher, writer, co-owner of newspaper, investigative journalist & speaker after rust college
  • co-founder of NAACP
  • worked tirelessly to expose evils of lynching - anti-lynching crusade
  • challenged segregation by refusing to change seats on train
33
Q

another leading campaigner was booker t. washington - what did he do?

A
  • former slave who founded tuskegee institute for blacks in 1880s
  • advocated AA should achieve racial equality via patience/ accommodation
  • thought AA should be trained industrial educate & show virtues of hard work, thrift & self-respect
  • ^show they deserved equal rights/opportunity
34
Q

who criticised washingtons views

A

W.E.B dubois

35
Q

what did W.E.B dubois believe/do

A
  • AA should win equality by liberal arts education & fighting for political/civil equality
  • he/other black leaders organised the niagra movement which fought segregation, lynching & disenfranchisement
36
Q

what did the leaders of the niagra movement found in 1909

A

NAACP
- dubois edited its journal name ‘the crisis’ and wrote on issues affecting AA

(history) african americans & civil rights 1865-1992 (9 decks)

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