Bladder cancer

Question 1

Name 2 risk factors

Answer 1

• Smoking
• Increased age
• Aromatic amines (dye and rubber industries)
• Schistosomiasis infection

Question 2

1) What is the commonest histological subtype of bladder cancer?
2) Schistosomiasis infection causes what histological subtype of bladder cancer?
3) Name another subtype

Answer 2

1) Transitional cell carcinoma
2) Squamous cell carcinoma
3) Adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, small cell carcinoma

Question 3

What are the main 2 presenting symptoms of bladder cancer

Answer 3

Painless haematuria and recurrent UTIs

Question 4

How is it diagnosed?

Answer 4

Cystoscopy + biopsy

Question 5

1) How is a non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer normally treated?
2) Name another aspect of the management of a non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer
3) For a more advanced bladder cancer, what is the gold standard treatment?

Answer 5

1) Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (removal of bladder tumour during cystoscopy)
2) Chemotherapy (intravesical), giving the BCG vaccine to the bladder to stimulate the immune system
3) Radical cystectomy