Bladder Cancer Flashcards
What is the commonest type of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell (urothelial) carcinoma (vs squamous cell)
What are risk factors for bladder cancer?
- Smoking
- Aromatic amines - rubber/dye industry
- Chronic cystitis
What might be a typical occupation of a pt with bladder cancer?
Worked in factory - exposure to aromatic amines
What are symptoms of bladder cancer?
- Visible haematuria - painless, macroscopic
- Recurrent UTIs
- Voiding irritability
What are complications of treatment for bladder cancer?
Post-operative urinary incontinence
What is the first line investigation for bladder cancer?
Urinalysis + urine MC&S (urine cytology)
How do you diagnose bladder cancer?
Cystoscopy + biopsy
How do you stage bladder cancer?
- CT urogram (incl. contrast)
- ± bimanual EUA (examination under anaesthesia)
- ± MRI/lymphangiography
How do you curatively treat bladder cancer?
- Surgery (TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumour) - CIS/Ta/T1) + chemo/immuno (neo and adjuvant)
- OR Surgery (radical cystectomy - T2+/squamous cell)
How do you palliatively treat bladder cancer?
Chemo/radio (MI/co-morbid)
What imaging would you do in bladder cancer?
Renal and bladder US or CT KUB
What are common complications of bladder cancer?
- Urinary retention
- Hydronephrosis (urine backs up into kidney)
- Other urinary tract cancers
What should you never ignore?
An episode of visible haematuria
Who should you refer for 2 week wait for bladder cancer?
- > 45 + either unexplained visible haematuria OR visible haematuria persisting after treatment of UTI
- > 60 + unexplained non-visible haematuria PLUS dysuria or high WBC
If someone presents with visible haematuria what do you need to exclude?
SIT
Stones
Infection
Tumour
