blah Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
what is ethology
A
the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour under natural conditions
2
Q
what is behaviourism
A
study of the influence of external stimuli on behaviour
observable and quantifiable stimuli and response
3
Q
what are tinebergen 4 questions
A
what is it for
how did it evolve in the history of the species
how does it work
how did it develop in the animal
4
Q
why is group selection flawed
A
assumes differential survival of populations not individuals
populations is regulated by social behaviours which role is to benefit the group
evolutionary unstable
5
Q
what i anthropomorphism
A
giving a human quality/behaviour to something
6
Q
what is ad libitum sampling
A
record in or group behaviour with no reference to well defined methods
good for initial observation and question formation
7
Q
focal animal sampling
A
obs one animal record wither all behaviours or all occurence of one behaviour in set time
reproducible
8
Q
all occurences sampling
A
record whether did did not occur in ind or group in set time
loss of lot of info
9
Q
scan sampling
A
record instantaneous activity or behaviour
state of all animals in group at pre determined time interval
10
Q
what does superb bird of paradise show
A
sexual selection (visual/sound)
11
Q
what does sexual selection favour when there is variance in male fitness
A
evolution of alternative male mating tactics
12
Q
types of sexual selection
A
pre copulatory - intrasexual
intersexual
post copulatory -cryptic male choice
sperm competition
13
Q
what increases male fitness (Drosophila)
A
increase number of mates
14
Q
what increase female fitnesss dros
A
no of mates doesnt = allow choosiness
15
Q
what sexual selection do elephant seals show
A
intrasexual - male fight for social dominance so can mate more
16
Q
what can male male competition lead to
A
amplification of characters
secondary sexual characters/dimorphism
17
Q
example of intersexual selection
A
female choice - get gifts from male
18
Q
what scoripion fly and example of and explain
A
intersexual sel
male give female a fly, perhaps to preove theri quality?
evidence that larger prey given=longer copulation=more sperm transfer
19
Q
what are the two hypothesis for evolution of female choice
A
- sexy son hypo, male chose female based on producing sone which will have the best chance of reproducing
- zahavis handicap principle, female choose male as he able to survive with costly trait
20
Q
what is widow tailed bird and example of
A
runaway sexual selection - cut off experiment etc
found that did have cost to condition
21
Q
example of ways males deal with sperm competition
A
- mate guarding eg blue milkweed beetle
- removal of sperm during mating eg odonata comple male genital remove rival spem and then guard
- testes size eg northern giant lemur testes 5.5% body volume but not found to be relation to amount of sperm ejaculated
- sperm number, strategically allocate in a way to make max reproductive success eg red jungle fowl, male ejeculate more when see another male has, but when multiple males have do less. also increase amount of sperm with new female
22
Q
descirbe an example of cryptic female choice
A
female use physical or chemical mechanism to control a males success in inseminating her eggs eg eject more spem when a subordinate male
regulate egg laying
23
Q
what is bluegill sunfish an eg of
A
sneaker male, sneak into territory and steal fertilisation
look like females as gen polymorph, also mature more quickly than parental male
also seen in plainfish midshipman
24
Q
when there is a lot of female in soay sheep what happens to sexual selection
A
less selection for bodysize and horns as males are unable to use these traits to control access to females
25
what occurs when one sex limiting
as one sex limiting factor for other results in increase in intrasexual competition among members of available sex for access to mates of limiting sex
26
what affect can ecology have on mating system
uneven resource = pot for increase mate as some better able to control increase chance polygamy
27
different forms polygyny
resource defense polygyny -female choose by the quality of male and the reosurces under his control but this only happen if this beenfit outweighs no p care
female defense polygyny - eg ring necked pheasant femlale asynchrony allow single male to control and sinsem all female
dominance polygyny - lek
28
what do american jacana show
resource defense polyandry females have super territpry encompassing several male nests
29
what do pipefish and seahorse show
male post zygotic care of offsrping
reversal of sex sel and sex dimorph
male have complete pat cert
2nd gamete release
30
what are phalropidae and what do they show
bird species polyandrous male brood and care have reversal of sex dimorph/sex sel
female fight for males
31
what is communication
the transmission of info from sender to receiver, the receiver responds appropriately
inc pheromones
a social acitvity
32
example of pheromone communication
kangaroo male taste wee of female - see repr state
| lion jacobson organ - flehmen response
33
what visual communication of 3 spined stickleback
red region for maels = aggressive for female = mate
34
descirbe drosophila courtship
male give specific signal of wing song
male orient to female follows and vibrate wing wft pheromone
female has pheromone surrounding male lick chem rec on his feet
quality of male vibration by female pheromone
35
describe bee waggle dance
only certain ind in ceretain scenario
angle = angle wrt sun
duration = distance
diff dialect diff population
bee brain integrate info and change during day
mechanical bee show sound and waggle both needed
also release hydrocarbon
36
what is an honest signal
a signal thatt comes with social cost
37
example of honest signal
antler
black patch on house sparrow
vervets alarm call
38
what is aprental care
behaviour that increases the fitness of offspring
39
what is parental invetment
behaviour that increases the offspring fitness at the cost of a parent's ability to reproduce in the future
40
precocial
young mature
41
altricial
young immature
42
what are the benefits and cost of p care
b = improve chance of offspring survival
c = increase adult predation risk
eg tamarin lose 11% weight (Invest time and E)
43
why care hypothesis
parental investment - sex invest less in gemete/embryo care less after, comp among small gamete sex
low reliability of paternity - male less sure offspring theirs
order of gamete release - if female left with fert egg male can desert inc pipefish and seahorse
association with young eg if carried explains why live bearing and internal fert is common
44
what can dirve parental shift
mortality and egg maturation, ecology?
45
exmple of paternal care
seahorse/pipfish
bluegill sunfish (adjust on pat cert)
shore birds
46
what does common elder show
adoption
47
why adotion occur and problems may arise
gain experience at no fitness coat but may kick out offspring
48
example of parent-pffspring conflict
weaning
| begging?
49
what do parasitoid wasp and hyena show
sibling conflict
wasp - more eggs = less food /wasp fight eat eachother
hyena - siblicide 25% of brood
50
what do sandpiper shrak show
intrauterine cannibalism largest embryo eats other
51
what is brice effect
spontaneous abortion eg rodent and babboon
| when new male take over
52
what do wattled jacana show
independent of sex
male care, female defend territories polyandrous
when remove female new female evicts/kills 3 of 4 exiting broods sexually solicits 4 of 5 usurped male
53
what is learnign
change in behaviour following experience
54
what is habituation
diminishing or innate response following frequent repeated stimulus
55
example of habituation
```
aplysia
gill withdrawl reflex
stimulus to siphon or mantle
decrease respoinse
synapse strucutre change less Ca
```
56
what is adaptation
filter out unimportant stimuli
57
what is sensitisation
non associative learning processor where repeated administrations of a stimulus result in progressively increased response
58
example of sensitisation
rats and pup
change in latency to pick up pups after birth
as sensitisation to pup odour
59
what is associative learning
learning an assocation between a behaviour and a stimulus
60
exampe of associative learning
horrdige preparation
2 legs from boddy, pin to wood
1st both recieve shocks if one A lowers leg beyond point
next test alternate who get shock if either put leg beyond point.
a get shock less as associative learning knows if put in saline that what gives shock
61
what is dunce mutation
no short term memory
62
what is rutabage
no short term memory
63
what is amnesiac
no short - mid tem memory
64
what is creb mutant
no long lasting long term memory
65
radish mut
no anasthesia resistant memory
66
what is classical conditioning
a learnign process wen two stimuli repeatedly paried
| eg pavalovv dog bell saliva dinner
67
what is blue gourami experiment an example of and descirbe
classical conditioning
male defend territories
condition males y announcign arrival of female, results in them attckacking female less
show fitness advantage to learnign as allow quicler repr
68
what is operant conditioning
strength of behaviour is modified by its consequences such as reward/puniahment
the behav is controlled by antecedents called discriminative stimuli which come to signal consequences
69
eg of operant conditioning
macaques
wash sweet potatoes which had been left by scientists on beach
get sand off
now wash all food
social behav spread rapidly through young
70
example of insight learning
chimp boxes to get bananas
71
problem with insight learning
clever hans
| pigeon can show behaviour but been taught
72
Jay species learning
nutcracker hide food - good at remembering
| but isnt good at non spatial task of where kept food = context specific learning ability
73
feature of play
spontaneous
not fully functional
repeated at certain dev phase
74
cost of play
fur seal 84% of 26 pup due to pllay
| cheetah mothers kill
75
benefit play
```
enhanced motor physiological dev
integrate sensory systems
experience adult like role
dominance status
communication skill
learn about conspecific/object
beural dev
```
76
what is welfare
animal subjective emotional experience
physical health biological functioning
extent animal able to live as natural species would
77
why might play be important in welfare
contagious play
| need further ev of pleasure from play
78
what animals show mirror recognition
chimp
1 asian elephant
magpie
79
which animals do not show mirror recognition
macaques
dolphin
manta ray
80
what scrubjay/chimp/crow all show
tool use
81
what is a theory of mind
assuming individuals have emotioins and knwo everything we know
82
what animals do / do not show theory of mind
do -chimp rhesus monley
| do not tamarin
83
what ecology od dominance hierarchy
resource holding potential
84
what ecology of contest competition
resource scarce eg baboon macaque
85
what ecology of scramble competition
salad bowl eg howler monkey
86
what do baboons show about dominance and health
in dominant stress low and submissive stress high
87
what do macaque show about dominance and stress
lowest and highest no stress
| middle lot of stress
88
what are mating systems
the way that animals populations are structured in relation to reproductive /sexual behaviour
89
factors shape mating system
differential investment between sexes - sex invest more limiting resource
dependence of young and impact of care -degree p care help shows whether better to have one or multiple mates
certainty of paternity - male more certain more p care
ecological - resource/number of mates
90
monogamy hypothesis
mate guarding -
mate assistance
female enforced - eg burying beetle
comment on social vs sexual
91
polygyny hypothesis
female defense eg elephant seal, zebra
resource defense - cichlid shells beetle dung for egg lay
scramble competition - when femlae and reosurce not defendable eg lined ground squirrel move a lot to find female
92
what are leks
aggregation of male perform to female
93
eg of lek species
sage grouse
| prairie chicken
94
hypothesis for elk
hotspot - place where female go
hotshot - eg europeansandpiper remove dom male all disperse
female preference hypothesis
95
what sort of conditions in c. capitata lek
only males with sufficient nutritional resources
96
what is problem with cooperation
n sel favours genes that increase individual fitness how does cooperation?
97
what can the benefits fromm cooperation be
direct - increase success of cooperator
| indirect - increase fitness of individual sharing the cooperators genes
98
what us direct reciprocity
increase tje fitness of the cooperating individual and the recipient of the behaviour but requires repeated interactions
99
what are altruisitc behaviours
benefit only recipient
100
explain altruistic behaviour
repeated interaction
101
what do vampire bat show
regurgitate blood to ind who didnt get any
| norm between buddy pairs = repeated interactions but dispute on direct evidence of this
102
what is indirect reciprocity
apparant altruistic behaviour but reward later
103
kin selection
traits favoured because of their beneficial effects on fitness of relatives
104
what do tiger salamander show
hamilton rule - cannibalism occured later in kin
105
what do shoaling guppies show
full sibling spend more time shaling and swarn closer together than half siblings
106
example of kin recognition
eg long tailed tits - song learnt in resting period not is but who should be
phenotype/self referent matching eg golden hamsters investigate non kin sooner = self referent mech even though never seen kin before
107
what is cooperative breeding
a social system where individuals provide care for offspring that are not their own
108
eg of cooperative breeeding
```
meerkat no of helpers correlate with no of litter/ year
naked mole rat - sterile workers
dwarf mongoose
long tailed tit
african bee eater
```
109
how does cooperative breeding evolve
```
kin selection
life history constraints (sexually mature at late age )
ecological constraints (eg African bee eater, superb fairy wren young disply dispersal if limited no of mates, seychelles warbler cooperative breeding when all territories taken)
```
110
why helpers do it
indirect benefit - help relatives eg bell mminers adjust amount of helping dependent on relatedness eg long tailed tit 94% of failed breeders choose kin nest
direct - practice(seychelle warbler helper goes onto have better breeding succes)/group membership (when remove work hard to let back in = pay to stay)./ territory inheritance(clownfish example ) /participation in repr
111
what do acorn woodpecker show
reproductive concession breeder allow repr to get helper to stay
