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1
Q

what is ethology

A

the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour under natural conditions

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2
Q

what is behaviourism

A

study of the influence of external stimuli on behaviour

observable and quantifiable stimuli and response

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3
Q

what are tinebergen 4 questions

A

what is it for
how did it evolve in the history of the species
how does it work
how did it develop in the animal

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4
Q

why is group selection flawed

A

assumes differential survival of populations not individuals
populations is regulated by social behaviours which role is to benefit the group
evolutionary unstable

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5
Q

what i anthropomorphism

A

giving a human quality/behaviour to something

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6
Q

what is ad libitum sampling

A

record in or group behaviour with no reference to well defined methods
good for initial observation and question formation

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7
Q

focal animal sampling

A

obs one animal record wither all behaviours or all occurence of one behaviour in set time
reproducible

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8
Q

all occurences sampling

A

record whether did did not occur in ind or group in set time

loss of lot of info

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9
Q

scan sampling

A

record instantaneous activity or behaviour

state of all animals in group at pre determined time interval

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10
Q

what does superb bird of paradise show

A

sexual selection (visual/sound)

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11
Q

what does sexual selection favour when there is variance in male fitness

A

evolution of alternative male mating tactics

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12
Q

types of sexual selection

A

pre copulatory - intrasexual
intersexual
post copulatory -cryptic male choice
sperm competition

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13
Q

what increases male fitness (Drosophila)

A

increase number of mates

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14
Q

what increase female fitnesss dros

A

no of mates doesnt = allow choosiness

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15
Q

what sexual selection do elephant seals show

A

intrasexual - male fight for social dominance so can mate more

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16
Q

what can male male competition lead to

A

amplification of characters

secondary sexual characters/dimorphism

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17
Q

example of intersexual selection

A

female choice - get gifts from male

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18
Q

what scoripion fly and example of and explain

A

intersexual sel
male give female a fly, perhaps to preove theri quality?
evidence that larger prey given=longer copulation=more sperm transfer

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19
Q

what are the two hypothesis for evolution of female choice

A
  • sexy son hypo, male chose female based on producing sone which will have the best chance of reproducing
  • zahavis handicap principle, female choose male as he able to survive with costly trait
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20
Q

what is widow tailed bird and example of

A

runaway sexual selection - cut off experiment etc

found that did have cost to condition

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21
Q

example of ways males deal with sperm competition

A
  • mate guarding eg blue milkweed beetle
  • removal of sperm during mating eg odonata comple male genital remove rival spem and then guard
  • testes size eg northern giant lemur testes 5.5% body volume but not found to be relation to amount of sperm ejaculated
  • sperm number, strategically allocate in a way to make max reproductive success eg red jungle fowl, male ejeculate more when see another male has, but when multiple males have do less. also increase amount of sperm with new female
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22
Q

descirbe an example of cryptic female choice

A

female use physical or chemical mechanism to control a males success in inseminating her eggs eg eject more spem when a subordinate male
regulate egg laying

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23
Q

what is bluegill sunfish an eg of

A

sneaker male, sneak into territory and steal fertilisation
look like females as gen polymorph, also mature more quickly than parental male
also seen in plainfish midshipman

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24
Q

when there is a lot of female in soay sheep what happens to sexual selection

A

less selection for bodysize and horns as males are unable to use these traits to control access to females

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25
Q

what occurs when one sex limiting

A

as one sex limiting factor for other results in increase in intrasexual competition among members of available sex for access to mates of limiting sex

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26
Q

what affect can ecology have on mating system

A

uneven resource = pot for increase mate as some better able to control increase chance polygamy

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27
Q

different forms polygyny

A

resource defense polygyny -female choose by the quality of male and the reosurces under his control but this only happen if this beenfit outweighs no p care
female defense polygyny - eg ring necked pheasant femlale asynchrony allow single male to control and sinsem all female
dominance polygyny - lek

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28
Q

what do american jacana show

A

resource defense polyandry females have super territpry encompassing several male nests

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29
Q

what do pipefish and seahorse show

A

male post zygotic care of offsrping
reversal of sex sel and sex dimorph
male have complete pat cert
2nd gamete release

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30
Q

what are phalropidae and what do they show

A

bird species polyandrous male brood and care have reversal of sex dimorph/sex sel
female fight for males

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31
Q

what is communication

A

the transmission of info from sender to receiver, the receiver responds appropriately
inc pheromones
a social acitvity

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32
Q

example of pheromone communication

A

kangaroo male taste wee of female - see repr state

lion jacobson organ - flehmen response

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33
Q

what visual communication of 3 spined stickleback

A

red region for maels = aggressive for female = mate

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34
Q

descirbe drosophila courtship

A

male give specific signal of wing song
male orient to female follows and vibrate wing wft pheromone
female has pheromone surrounding male lick chem rec on his feet
quality of male vibration by female pheromone

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35
Q

describe bee waggle dance

A

only certain ind in ceretain scenario
angle = angle wrt sun
duration = distance
diff dialect diff population
bee brain integrate info and change during day
mechanical bee show sound and waggle both needed
also release hydrocarbon

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36
Q

what is an honest signal

A

a signal thatt comes with social cost

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37
Q

example of honest signal

A

antler
black patch on house sparrow
vervets alarm call

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38
Q

what is aprental care

A

behaviour that increases the fitness of offspring

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39
Q

what is parental invetment

A

behaviour that increases the offspring fitness at the cost of a parent’s ability to reproduce in the future

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40
Q

precocial

A

young mature

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41
Q

altricial

A

young immature

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42
Q

what are the benefits and cost of p care

A

b = improve chance of offspring survival
c = increase adult predation risk
eg tamarin lose 11% weight (Invest time and E)

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43
Q

why care hypothesis

A

parental investment - sex invest less in gemete/embryo care less after, comp among small gamete sex
low reliability of paternity - male less sure offspring theirs
order of gamete release - if female left with fert egg male can desert inc pipefish and seahorse
association with young eg if carried explains why live bearing and internal fert is common

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44
Q

what can dirve parental shift

A

mortality and egg maturation, ecology?

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45
Q

exmple of paternal care

A

seahorse/pipfish
bluegill sunfish (adjust on pat cert)
shore birds

46
Q

what does common elder show

A

adoption

47
Q

why adotion occur and problems may arise

A

gain experience at no fitness coat but may kick out offspring

48
Q

example of parent-pffspring conflict

A

weaning

begging?

49
Q

what do parasitoid wasp and hyena show

A

sibling conflict
wasp - more eggs = less food /wasp fight eat eachother
hyena - siblicide 25% of brood

50
Q

what do sandpiper shrak show

A

intrauterine cannibalism largest embryo eats other

51
Q

what is brice effect

A

spontaneous abortion eg rodent and babboon

when new male take over

52
Q

what do wattled jacana show

A

independent of sex
male care, female defend territories polyandrous
when remove female new female evicts/kills 3 of 4 exiting broods sexually solicits 4 of 5 usurped male

53
Q

what is learnign

A

change in behaviour following experience

54
Q

what is habituation

A

diminishing or innate response following frequent repeated stimulus

55
Q

example of habituation

A 
aplysia 
gill withdrawl reflex 
stimulus to siphon or mantle 
decrease respoinse 
synapse strucutre change less Ca
56
Q

what is adaptation

A

filter out unimportant stimuli

57
Q

what is sensitisation

A

non associative learning processor where repeated administrations of a stimulus result in progressively increased response

58
Q

example of sensitisation

A

rats and pup
change in latency to pick up pups after birth
as sensitisation to pup odour

59
Q

what is associative learning

A

learning an assocation between a behaviour and a stimulus

60
Q

exampe of associative learning

A

horrdige preparation
2 legs from boddy, pin to wood
1st both recieve shocks if one A lowers leg beyond point
next test alternate who get shock if either put leg beyond point.
a get shock less as associative learning knows if put in saline that what gives shock

61
Q

what is dunce mutation

A

no short term memory

62
Q

what is rutabage

A

no short term memory

63
Q

what is amnesiac

A

no short - mid tem memory

64
Q

what is creb mutant

A

no long lasting long term memory

65
Q

radish mut

A

no anasthesia resistant memory

66
Q

what is classical conditioning

A

a learnign process wen two stimuli repeatedly paried

eg pavalovv dog bell saliva dinner

67
Q

what is blue gourami experiment an example of and descirbe

A

classical conditioning
male defend territories
condition males y announcign arrival of female, results in them attckacking female less
show fitness advantage to learnign as allow quicler repr

68
Q

what is operant conditioning

A

strength of behaviour is modified by its consequences such as reward/puniahment
the behav is controlled by antecedents called discriminative stimuli which come to signal consequences

69
Q

eg of operant conditioning

A

macaques
wash sweet potatoes which had been left by scientists on beach
get sand off
now wash all food
social behav spread rapidly through young

70
Q

example of insight learning

A

chimp boxes to get bananas

71
Q

problem with insight learning

A

clever hans

pigeon can show behaviour but been taught

72
Q

Jay species learning

A

nutcracker hide food - good at remembering

but isnt good at non spatial task of where kept food = context specific learning ability

73
Q

feature of play

A

spontaneous
not fully functional
repeated at certain dev phase

74
Q

cost of play

A

fur seal 84% of 26 pup due to pllay

cheetah mothers kill

75
Q

benefit play

A 
enhanced motor physiological dev
integrate sensory systems 
experience adult like role 
dominance status 
communication skill
learn about conspecific/object
beural dev
76
Q

what is welfare

A

animal subjective emotional experience
physical health biological functioning
extent animal able to live as natural species would

77
Q

why might play be important in welfare

A

contagious play

need further ev of pleasure from play

78
Q

what animals show mirror recognition

A

chimp
1 asian elephant
magpie

79
Q

which animals do not show mirror recognition

A

macaques
dolphin
manta ray

80
Q

what scrubjay/chimp/crow all show

A

tool use

81
Q

what is a theory of mind

A

assuming individuals have emotioins and knwo everything we know

82
Q

what animals do / do not show theory of mind

A

do -chimp rhesus monley

do not tamarin

83
Q

what ecology od dominance hierarchy

A

resource holding potential

84
Q

what ecology of contest competition

A

resource scarce eg baboon macaque

85
Q

what ecology of scramble competition

A

salad bowl eg howler monkey

86
Q

what do baboons show about dominance and health

A

in dominant stress low and submissive stress high

87
Q

what do macaque show about dominance and stress

A

lowest and highest no stress

middle lot of stress

88
Q

what are mating systems

A

the way that animals populations are structured in relation to reproductive /sexual behaviour

89
Q

factors shape mating system

A

differential investment between sexes - sex invest more limiting resource
dependence of young and impact of care -degree p care help shows whether better to have one or multiple mates
certainty of paternity - male more certain more p care
ecological - resource/number of mates

90
Q

monogamy hypothesis

A

mate guarding -
mate assistance
female enforced - eg burying beetle
comment on social vs sexual

91
Q

polygyny hypothesis

A

female defense eg elephant seal, zebra
resource defense - cichlid shells beetle dung for egg lay
scramble competition - when femlae and reosurce not defendable eg lined ground squirrel move a lot to find female

92
Q

what are leks

A

aggregation of male perform to female

93
Q

eg of lek species

A

sage grouse

prairie chicken

94
Q

hypothesis for elk

A

hotspot - place where female go
hotshot - eg europeansandpiper remove dom male all disperse
female preference hypothesis

95
Q

what sort of conditions in c. capitata lek

A

only males with sufficient nutritional resources

96
Q

what is problem with cooperation

A

n sel favours genes that increase individual fitness how does cooperation?

97
Q

what can the benefits fromm cooperation be

A

direct - increase success of cooperator

indirect - increase fitness of individual sharing the cooperators genes

98
Q

what us direct reciprocity

A

increase tje fitness of the cooperating individual and the recipient of the behaviour but requires repeated interactions

99
Q

what are altruisitc behaviours

A

benefit only recipient

100
Q

explain altruistic behaviour

A

repeated interaction

101
Q

what do vampire bat show

A

regurgitate blood to ind who didnt get any

norm between buddy pairs = repeated interactions but dispute on direct evidence of this

102
Q

what is indirect reciprocity

A

apparant altruistic behaviour but reward later

103
Q

kin selection

A

traits favoured because of their beneficial effects on fitness of relatives

104
Q

what do tiger salamander show

A

hamilton rule - cannibalism occured later in kin

105
Q

what do shoaling guppies show

A

full sibling spend more time shaling and swarn closer together than half siblings

106
Q

example of kin recognition

A

eg long tailed tits - song learnt in resting period not is but who should be
phenotype/self referent matching eg golden hamsters investigate non kin sooner = self referent mech even though never seen kin before

107
Q

what is cooperative breeding

A

a social system where individuals provide care for offspring that are not their own

108
Q

eg of cooperative breeeding

A 
meerkat no of helpers correlate with no of litter/ year
naked mole rat - sterile workers
dwarf mongoose 
long tailed tit
african bee eater
109
Q

how does cooperative breeding evolve

A 
kin selection 
life history constraints (sexually mature at late age )
ecological constraints (eg African bee eater, superb fairy wren young disply dispersal if limited no of mates, seychelles warbler cooperative breeding when all territories taken)
110
Q

why helpers do it

A

indirect benefit - help relatives eg bell mminers adjust amount of helping dependent on relatedness eg long tailed tit 94% of failed breeders choose kin nest
direct - practice(seychelle warbler helper goes onto have better breeding succes)/group membership (when remove work hard to let back in = pay to stay)./ territory inheritance(clownfish example ) /participation in repr

111
Q

what do acorn woodpecker show

A

reproductive concession breeder allow repr to get helper to stay

animal behaviour (1 decks)

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